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Chapter 3 and 4 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3 and 4
Water and Life
Water Molecule
Polar covalent bonds → uneven charge distribution
Forms hydrogen bonds between molecules
Emergent Properties of Water
Cohesion → water transport in plants
Adhesion → sticks to other surfaces
Moderates temperature → high specific heat & evaporative cooling
Ice floats → less dense as solid
Versatile solvent → dissolves polar/ionic substances
Thermal Properties
Temperature = average kinetic energy
Heat = transfer of thermal energy
High specific heat → stabilizes environments
Heat of vaporization → cooling effect
Solutions & Dissolving
Solution = solvent + solute
Hydrophilic substances → water loving
Hydrophobic substances → water fearing
Amphipathic molecules → both polar & nonpolar regions
Acids, Bases, & pH
Acid → increases H⁺
Base → decreases H⁺
pH scale (0–14) → acidic <7, neutral =7, basic >7
Buffers → minimize pH change
Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life
Carbon Properties
4 valence electrons → 4 covalent bonds
Forms large, complex molecules
Shapes: tetrahedral or planar (with double bonds)
Bonds with H, O, N most often
Carbon Skeletons
Chains, rings, branches
Variation → structural diversity
Hydrocarbons → energy-rich molecules
Isomers
Structural isomers → different arrangement
Cis-trans isomers → orientation around double bonds
Enantiomers → mirror images, different biological activity
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl (–OH)
Carbonyl (C=O)
Carboxyl (–COOH)
Amino (–NH₂)
Sulfhydryl (–SH)
Phosphate (–PO₄³⁻)
Methyl (–CH₃)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
Stores potential energy
Hydrolysis releases energy for cellular processes