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Chapter 3-Water and Life & Chapter 4-Carbon and the Molecular…
Chapter 3-Water and Life & Chapter 4-Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Functional Groups
Components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Amino Group (-NH2) Compound name is Amine
Sulfhydryl Group (-SH) Compound name Thiol
Carboxyl Group (-COOH) Compound name is Carboxylic acid or Organic acid
Phosphate Group (-OPO3^2-) Compound name is Organic phosphate
Carbonyl Group (>C-O) Compound name is Ketone Aldehyde
Methyl Group (-CH3) Compound name is Methylated compound
Hydroxyl Group (-OH) Compound name is Alcohol
Isomers-compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and properties
Cis-trans isomers
Are also known as geometric isomers, theses have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements
Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of each other
Structural Isomers
Isomers that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
ATP & ADP Cycle
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
Stores potential to react with water this reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain Carbon
Stanley Miller's experiment simulated life on Earth to figure out origins of life
Major elements of life- C,H,O,N,P,S
Carbon can form four bonds, these building blocks can be used to make a variety of organic molecules
Carbons
When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the atoms joined to the carbons are in the same plane as the carbons
The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
Hydrocarbons-organic molecules consisting of only Hydrogen and Carbon
Undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy
H=2C+N+2
Adhesion
Attraction between substances, helps to counter downward pull of gravity
Example is a piece of tape adhering to a surface
Cohesion-Hydrogen bonds holding water molecules together
Results in high surface tension which measures how difficult it is to break a surface of a liquid
Water: Solvent of life
Solution
liquid mixture
Two examples are saltwater and sweetened tea
Solvents
dissolving agent of a solution
Two examples are alcohol and water
Solute
Substance that dissolves
Two examples are sugar and salt
Temperature
Average kinetic energy in a body of matter
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion; random motion of atoms is thermal energy
3 more items...
Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic-"likes water", strong affinity for water; Hydrophobic-"is scared of water", doesn't have an affinity for water
Examples of hydrophobics are fats, oils, waxes
Examples of hydrophilic are sugar, salts, starch
Acidic vs Basic
Acid is a substance that increased H+ concentration of a solution
Base is a substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
pH scale
Buffers
Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
Bases have pH values greater than 7
pH=-log [H+]
Acids have pH values less than 7
Polar Covalent Bonds- chemical bond where electrons aren't shared equally
The electrons of polar covalent bonds spend more time near oxygen then to hydrogen
Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other
