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Chapters 3 and 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Temperature Moderation
        
        Kinetic Energy = energy of movement
        
        Thermal energy = kinetic energy of random movement of atoms/molecules
        
        Temp = average kinetic energy of molecules
        
        Thermal energy = total kinetic energy
        
        Heat = thermal energy going from one thing to another
        
        calorie = heat needed to change 1g of substance by 1C
        
        kilocalorie = 1,000cal
        
        Specific heat = heat needed for 1g substance to change temp by 1C
      - Expansion
        
        Water less dense as solid (ice floats)
        
        H bonds keep molecules further apart when frozen (water expands)
        
        Water has greatest density at 4 degrees Celsius
        
        Allows marine life to survive cold periods
      - Cohesion
        
        Cohesion = substance "sticks" to itself
        
        Hydrogen bonds hold water together
        
        Surface Tension
        
        How difficult it is to break/stretch surface of substance
        
        Transport of Water Against Gravity
        
        Contributors
        
        Cohesion
        
        Adhesion (different molecules sticking together)
        
        Adhesion and Cohesion create upward pull
      - Versatility as Solvent
        
        Solution = homogenous mix of substances
        
        Solvent = dissolving agent
        
        Solute = gets dissolved
        
        Aqueous solution = water is the solvent
        
        Water's polarity makes it a diverse solvent
        
        Hydration shell = sphere of water molecules around dissolved ion
        
        Compatibility
        
        Hydrophobic
        
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        Hydrophilic
        
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        Solute Concentration
        
        Molecular mass = sum of all masses of atoms in a molecule
        
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      - Evolution
        
        Presence of water on Mars suggests possibility of life
  - - - Water can transfer a H+ to another
        
        Creates OH- (hydroxide ion) and H3O+ (hydronium ion)
        
        pH scale
        
        pH = -log[H+] (aka measure of hydrogen ion concentration)
        
        pH of 7 = neutral (water's pH = 7)
        
        Lower pH = more acidic
        
        Higher pH = more basic
        
        pH increases/decreases tenfold
        
        Buffers
        
        Minimize pH changes in solutions
        
        Donates and accepts hydrogen ions when needed
        
        Example: carbonic acid
        
        Acids and Bases
        
        Acid
        
        Increases hydrogen ion concentration
        
        Higher H+ = acidic
        
        Strong acid = dissociates completely
        
        Base
        
        Lowers hydrogen ion concentration
        
        accepts hydrogen ions directly
        
        dissociates to form hydroxide ions that combine w/ hydrogen ions
        
        Higher OH- = basic solution
        
        Strong base = dissociates completely
        
        Acidification
        
        Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide
        
        ~25% absorbed by oceans
        
        dissolves to make carbonic acid
        
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  - - - Form between water molecules
        
        Partially charged H is attracted to partially charged O
        
        Gives water its many properties
    - - Form between O and H within molecule
        
        O more electronegative than H
        
        Electrons closer to O
        
        O becomes partially negative
        
        Each O can form 2 hydrogen bonds
        
        H becomes partially positive
        
        Each H can form one hydrogen bond
- - - - Valence = electrons needed to fill valence shell
        
        C has valence of 4
        
        C usually single or double bonds in organic molecules
        
        Molecule's shape central to its function
        
        C with four bonds has tetrahedral shape
        
        Carbon's most common bonding partners
        
        H, O, and N
    - - C skeletons = base for most organic molecules
        
        Types of organic molecules
        
        Isomers
        
        Have same chemical formula, different structure + properties
        
        Structural isomers
        
        Different covalent arrangements
        
        Cis-trans isomers
        
        cis = Xs on same side
        
        trans = Xs on opposite sides
        
        Enantiomers
        
        due to asymmetric carbon
        
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        Hydrocarbons
        
        Have only C and H
        
        Examples
        
        Fats (the hydrocarbon tails)
        
        Major component in petroleum
        
        Characteristics
        
        Can have double bonds
        
        Shape + size vary
  - - - Functional groups = directly involved in chemical reactions
        
        7 most important groups in biological processes
        
        carbonyl
        
        reactive
        
        hydrophilic
        
        hydroxyl
        
        reactive
        
        hydrophilic
        
        carboxyl
        
        reactive
        
        hydrophilic
        
        amino
        
        reactive
        
        hydrophilic
        
        sulfhydryl
        
        reactive
        
        hydrophobic
        
        phosphate
        
        reactive
        
        hydrophilic
        
        methyl
        
        not reactive; serves as "tag"
    - - ATP = adenosine triphosphate
        
        Components
        
        Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
        
        Function
        
        Source of energy
        
        Releases energy by losing a phosphate
        
        Phosphate lost = an inorganic phosphate
        
        ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
        
        Reaction occurs when ATP reacts with water
        
        Reaction is reversible
  - - - C, H, O, N, S, P = major elements of life
    - - First synthetization of organic compounds in a lab
        
        Proved abiotic synthetization was possible
        
        Possible early stage of life's origin