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Bio Ch 6 (Metabolism) - Coggle Diagram
Bio Ch 6 (Metabolism)
Enzymes
- catalyze chemical reactions
- Organic molecules that speed chemical reactions
- most are proteins, some are RNA
- participate in Metabolic pathways, a series of linked reactions, beginning with a particular reactant and ending with an end product
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- every enzyme fits perfectly with the substrate it works with
- can participate in "making" (synthesis) or "breaking" (degradation)
Energy of Activation
- the energy that must be added to cause molecules to reach with one another
- this energy barrier is a good thing. it prevents molecules from spontaneously breaking down in the cell
- Enzymes LOWER the Ea
- this increases the rate of the reaction
factors affecting reaction rate
- concentration of substrates and enzymes
- pH
- Temp (to hot = not gonna work/ but work better at higher temps)
Cofactors and Coenzymes
- many enzymes require a cofactor or coenzyme to properly bind a substrate
Cofactor- inorganic ions such as copper, zinc, iron
Coenzyme- non-protein organic molecules such as vitamins
Regulate enzymes
- not all are needed by a cell all the time
- Phosphorylation or Dephosphorylation
- Enzyme cleavage
Enzyme Inhibition
Noncompetitive Inhibition- inhibitor binds allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site
Competitive Inhibition- inhibitor and substrate compete for the same binding site
- inhibitor directly blocks active site
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Energy
- defined as ability to work or bring about change
- cells require constant input of energy to maintain structural organiz. and carry out metabolic activities
- growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction require energy
- energy flows through a system, it doesn't cycle
- as it flows through a system, part of it is dissipated (lost) as heat
- heat is still a form of energy, but it is not usable energy
Entropy
- natural tendency of things to fall apart over time
- each cellular process makes less energy available to do future work
EX.
- a clean dorm = more organized but less stable (less likely to stay that way). it doesn't take energy to make it messy
- a messy dorm - more stable- it takes energy to make the room clean again
Metabolism
- chemical reactions that occur in the cell that are vital to life
Reactants
- substances that participate in reactions
Products
- substances that form as the result of reactions
Free energy
- the amount of energy left to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred
Exergonic
- when spontaneous reactions can happen WITHOUT an input of energy and/or produce it.
Endergonic
- when these reactions can't happen without an input of energy.
Chemical Energy
- made up of organic molecules (carbs, proteins, fats)
- form of stored potential energy
Mechanical Energy
- kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy as movement happens
Efficiency
- no process that requires a conversion of energy is EVER 100% efficient
- cells are only about 40% efficient (remaining energy is released into surrounding environment as heat
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
- chemical reactions in which one molecule gives up electrons, while another accepts electrons
- molecules that gives up electrons = Oxidized
- molecule that accepts electrons = Reduced
OIL RIG
- Oxidation
- Is
- Loss
- Reduction - Is
- Gain
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Photosynthesis in plants uses light energy to create carbs
Cellular Resp in animal cells breaks down carbs to create ATP