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quantify ratcheting up, Idda Dock, Policy feedback (Béland et Schlager),…

- - - - Observe the increase in mandated targets for clean energy penetration, often tracked as a percentage of overall capacity or sales.
        
        ◦ In California, policy stringency increased by expanding the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) target from 20% by 2017 to 33% by 2020 (S-14-08) and subsequently to 50% by 2030 (SB 350) [509, Table 1].
  - - - Technology Cost Reduction: Measure the percentage decrease in technology costs over time ◦ For example, the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power prices dropped by 88 percent and 69 percent, respectively, between 2009 and 2018 (vormedal,meckling 2023).
      - Policy Cost Reduction: Track the reduction in the amount of subsidies needed to deploy clean energy. ◦ Reactive sequencing in Germany brought down subsidies for solar power to less than five cents per kWh in 2017, confirming sustained public policy support by reducing cost burdens. (meckling 2017)
      - Investment Metrics: Track the magnitude of public investment in complementary infrastructure, which indicates overcoming coordination challenges (meckling, goedeking 2023)◦ For instance, California committed over USD 2.5 billion and Germany nearly USD 4 billion (EUR 3.8 billion) to the buildup of public charging stations by the end of 2021(meckling, goedeking 2023)
      - Incumbent Market Disruption: The quantifiable decline of the polluting technology's market share confirms that disruptive technological change (Schumpeter (1942)) is succeeding, lowering the economic hurdle for future policy.◦ The total share of coal in US power generation declined from 46 to 31 percent between 2009 and 2016.
    - - Public R&D Funding Shift: Measure the reallocation of government resources toward challenger technologies.◦ For the M6 countries plus China, the share of total energy R&D funding allocated to new clean technologies grew from 46% to 63% between 2002 and 2018, often at the expense of incumbent technologies like nuclear.
      - Investment in Complementary Infrastructure: Track the magnitude of public investment, confirming that governmental entities are overcoming coordination challenges◦ In the case of electrifying transport, California committed over USD 2.5 billion and Germany nearly USD 4 billion (EUR 3.8 billion) to the buildup of public charging stations by the end of 2021 [402, Table 5, Table 6].
      - Distributional Dynamics Barrier Reduction:Success in overcoming political opposition (a major barrier to stringent policy) through the creation of winning coalitions (advocacy coalition framework, proponent Sabatier (1988)) can be confirmed by measuring the formation and mobilization of groups benefiting from the policy t1.
        
        Coalition Mobilization (Qualitative/Quantitative Mix): While difficult to quantify directly, the emergence of coalition cascades (proponents Meckling and Goedeking (2023)) can be confirmed by documenting the measurable crowding in or creation of new actors (e.g., third-party charging firms) into subsequent policy subsystems. This signals a shift in the balance of power, relaxing the political barrier to stringency.
- - - - lack of public policy (gap) stimulated group development/formation
- - - - APA: scores policy instruments, volume of R&D funding also is good for stringency
      - If you have frequent policy changes, that reduces predictibility; mandates have lower political costs (mandates shift cost burden on responsible parties)