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The Respiratory System, The Digestive System - Coggle Diagram
The Respiratory System
Respiration----Respiration is a chemical reaction which takes place in all livings cells and releases energy from glucose.
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition---- The process(cellular) of which cells convert organic foods into simpler compounds to create energy.
(The breaking down organic foods into simpler molecules which releases ATP)
Releases less energy than Aerobic Respiration, but doesn't require oxygen, and is much quicker.
This happens less frequently than Anaerobic Respiration.
During vigorous exercise, our body cells may not have enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to take place, and anaerobic respiration occurs instead.
The equation for this is Glucose --> Lactic Acid
The product of this reaction is lactic acid. This builds up in muscles causing pain and tiredness, which can lead to cramps.
Fermentation
Definition---- Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration where respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Many bacteria and yeast carry out fermentation. In fact, this also occurs in the human muscles when the cells there cannot get enough energy required in time from aerobic respiration.
There are two types of fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation, and Alcohol fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation
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Muscle cells during intense exercise, production of yogurt and sauerkraut, etc examples.
Alcohol fermentation
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Used for rising of bread, production of beer and wine etc examples.
Aerobic Respiration
Process
This process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm and continues in the mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain produce the majority of the ATP required for cellular functions
Kreb's Cycle
A series of chemical reactions in the body that help break down and release the energy stored in food.
It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix where is converts mitochondrial pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water.
The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that allow cells to use energy stored in carbohydrates(food). The cycle starts with the entry of glucose into the cell(after absorption happens).
This energy is used for differetextnt cellular processes.
This process produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
Definition----The process of which living organisms use oxygen to convert glucose(sugars), into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Equation: C6H12O6+602 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Which is basically glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Unlike anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
Components
Nose; The entry point for air, where air is filtered of its bacteria and viruses by the mucus within the beginning of the nasal cavities.
Pharynx(Throat); The tube connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It is a passageway for air to the lungs and food to the stomach
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Bronchioles; The smallest airways in the respiratory system that lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli within the lungs.
Alveoli: The tiny air sacs that form the lungs. They are at the end of each bronchiole, where there is a cluster of alveoli(looks like a cluster of grapes). This is where gas exchange between inspired air and carbon dioxide takes place during respiration.
Diaphragm: A curved, dome-shaped muscle that aids inhalation and exhalation. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. (This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs.) Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape, and air is forced out of the lungs. :
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The Digestive System
Components
Pancreas; The gland that releases enzymes into the intestines to break down carbs. proteins, and lipids.
Stomach; The gland that releases enzymes into the intestines to break down carbs, proteins, and lipids.
Liver; The organ that releases bile(a chemical to break down lipids within foods) into the intestines.
Large Intestine; A tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine. It converts food waste(food that cannot be broken down) into poop or stool.
Small Intestine; The tube-like organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine. It breaks down foods and fluids to absorb nutrients and water.
Mouth; Where the digestion of good begins. Teeth break down food and mix it with enzymes in the saliva. The salivary glands release saliva to moisten food and contains enzymes such as amylase to initiate starch breakdown.
Esophagus; The tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach. This is separated from the trachea by the epiglottis and stops food to enter the trachea(windpipe).
Processes
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Mechanical Digestion
The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as chewing.
Chemical Digestion
The chemical breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms using enzymes and acids. This begins in the mouth(saliva begins the breakdown of starch)
Secretion
The release of enzymes, acids, etc. substances into the digestive tract to aid digestion. For instance, bile is released by the liver.
Absorption
The process where nutrients and vitamins are absorbed into the body. Most absorption happens in the small intestine.
Defecation
The process where food waste(food that cannot be digested in the body) is released and eliminated from the body(stool/urine) via the anus.
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