Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 8 - Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 8 - Metabolism
Chemistry of Life
-
-
An atom contains two regions: the nucleus which holds protons and neutrons, and the outermost region which holds electrons in orbit.
-
Atomic number = # of protons in an atom.
Atomic mass = mass of the atom
(equal to the # of protons and neutrons.)
The Bohr Model - shows electrons in circular orbits at specific distances from the nucleus. These orbits are also known as electron shells or energy levels.
Octet Rule - some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron. An atom with an unequal number of protons + electrons = Ion.
-
Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
-
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monosaccharides, diasaccharides, polysaccharides
Polysaccharides - huge molecules made of many monosaccharides joined together. Ex. glycogen, cellulosed, and starch.
Monosaccharides: 5-Carbon - deoxyribose + ribose 6-Carbon - glucose, galactose, fructose
Diasaccharides:
Dehydration Synthesis - Combining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharides with the removal of one water molecules
Hydrolysis - Splitting a disaccharide into two monosaccharides requires the addition of a molecule of water
Lactose = glucose and galactose
Sucrose = glucose and fructose
Maltose = two moleculed of glucose
Lipids
Nonpolar and do not dissolve in water, they function in energy storage and as the structure of cell membranes and cell walls
-
-
Proteins
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Their building blocks are amino acids, joined together by peptide bonds
-
Secondary structure of proteins occurs when the amino acid chain folds into a helix or pleated sheets.
-
-
Nucleic Acid
-
Has 3 parts: nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
-
Microbial Metabolism
-
Enzymes - proteins that lower the energy of activation for a reaction. Most enzyme names end in -ase.
Factors that influence enzyme activity: temp, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors, denaturation.
-
Carbohydrate catabolism - breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy. The two main ways to produce energy from glucose: cellular respiration + fermentation.
-
Chemiosmosis
-
-
Fermentation - a process that don't require oxygen + not very efficient at producing ATP (ATP is only generated through glycolysis)
Lactic Acid Fermentation - is done by organisms like Streptococcus + Lactobacillus -> produces 2 lactic acid and 2 NAD+.
Glycolysis produces 2 ethanol, 2 CO2 and 2 NAD+.