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Chemistry of Life - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ester linkage
      - Fatty Acid Chain
        
        Unsaturated- carbon to carbon doubles, liquid at room temp
        
        Trans- resemble saturated
        
        Saturated- no carbon to carbon doubles, solid at room temp
      - Glycerol
  - - - Hydrolysis- split a di into 2 monos by adding water
      - lactose, sucrose, maltose
      - Dehydration synthesis- combine 2 monos to make di by removing water
    - - Glycogen, cellulose, chitin, starch
      - amylase is enzyme to digest glycogen
    - - 5 carbon (deoxyribose and ribose)
      - 6 carbon (glucose, galactose, fructose)
  - - - PURPOSE- regulation, structure, transport, immune
      - Amino Acids
        
        Peptide Bonds
        
        Carboxylic End (COOH)
        
        Amine End (NH2)
        
        R Group
      - Primary- polypeptide chain
        
        Secondary- chain folds and coils in helix or pleats
        
        Tertiary- 3D shape
        
        Quaternary- 2 or more folded together
  - - - phosphate group
      - 5- carbon sugar- RIBOSE
      - NITROGEN BASES: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
      - Single Strand
      - rRNA< mRNA< tRNA
    - - NITROGEN BASES: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
      - 5- carbon sugar- DEOXYRIBOSE
      - phosphate group
      - DOUBLE HELIX
- - - - protons+ neutrons= atomic mass
      - isotopes: elements with different # of neutrons
        
        research tool- radioisotopes emit and we can use them to date fossils
      - number of protons= atomic number
    - - Electrons
        
        electron # = proton #
        
        BONDS
        
        Chemical Reactions are changes in distribution of electrons between atoms
        
        IONIC- electrons transferred
        
        Van de Waals- – weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules (in close proximity) due to changes in electron density (DNA molecule)
        
        Hydrogen- water molecules
        
        COVALENT- electrons shared
      - Bohr Model- protons in nucleus and electrons orbit at specific distance
        
        Orbits= electron shells or energy shells
        
        Fills from the inside out using Octet Rule (inner ring gets 2 and every outer ring gets 8)
        
        Ion= unequal number of protons and electrons
- - - - Kreb's Cycle
        
        2 Acetyl CoA--> 4 CO2
        
        Generates 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP
        
        E: cytosol of mitochondria P:cytoplasm
      - ETC
        
        E: membrane of mitochondria P:cell membrane
        
        10 NADH + 2 FADH--> 6 O2 +6 H20
        
        Generates 34 ATP
      - Prep Step
        
        2 pyruvic acid--> 2 Acetyl CiA
        
        Generates 2 NADH (loses 2 ATP in euks)
        
        In cytoplasm
    - - In cytoplasm
      - LACTIC ACID: 2 pyruvic acid--> 2 lactic acid
      - Generates 2 NAD+
      - ALCOHOL: 2 pyruvic acid-- 2 ethanol + CO2