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Human Performance in Speed and Movement: Energy Systems, Sprinting, and…

- - - - Phosphagen (ATP-PCr)
        
        Onset of exercise
        
        PCr Stores
        
        Oxidative system
        
        Carbs and fats
        
        Prolonged, Low-intensity exercise
        
        Ex. Marathon
        
        slower activation
        
        resynthesis of PCr
        
        Ex. recovery during workout
        
        Phosphagen system
        
        Phosphocreatine (PCr)
        
        when PCr Depletes
        
        Short, High-Intensity Exercise
        
        Ex. Vertical jumps
    - - ATP
        
        ATPase Hydrolysis
        
        ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi + H⁺ + Energy
        
        Muscular Contraction
        
        Ex. running
    - - Glycolysis
      - Moderate to high intensity exercise
        
        Ex. 400m track race
      - H+ and Pi Accumulation
      - Fast glycolysis = lactate acid
        
        Ex. 45 second sprint intervals
        
        Lactate buildup reduces sprint technique efficiency
      - Slow glycolysis = acetyl CoA
- - - - Neural drive enhances
      - Force-time Relationship
      - Strength qualities
        
        Ex. heavy sled pushes to train athletes neural drive
      - Rate of Force Development
        
        Neural drive
        
        Force time relationship
        
        Increased vertical force and RFD at max velocity
        
        Ex. Olympic lifts, fast plyos, sprinting flying 30s to train vertical force at top speed of the sprinter
    - - Body positioning (good posture)
      - Arm action and knee drive (good form)
      - Foot orientation, placement, and ground contact properties
      - proprioception and reflex responses
      - Neuromuscular coordination
      - Ex. wall sprint drills, a skips, sprint mechanic drills
      - Biomechanics and Technique
        
        Body positioning, arm action, knee drive, ground contact
    - - Ground reaction force
      - Stretch-shortening cycle
      - intramuscular/tendon stiffness
      - total force production
      - Increased horizontal force with lower RFD
      - Ex. bounding drills, plyometrics for stiffness, sled pulls to increase horizontal force
      - Impulse
      - Impulse
        
        GFR
        
        SSC
        
        Tendon stiffness
- - - - ex a sprinter choosing to maintain max speed in a 100m vs lean harder to accelerate at finish
- - - - Ex bounding drills, depth drops for tendon stiffness, resisted lateral sprints for GRF