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Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Metabolism
Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
organic molecules: C, H, O atoms (2:1)
Mono, di, polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: huge CARBOHYDRATE joined together by these. GLYCOGEN-energy in animals. CELLULOSE- plant cell walls. STARCH- energy storage in plants
Saturated fatty acids: no C to C double bonds and are solid at room temp. From cattle, sheep, goats- always contain saturated fats (butter/milk) PLAQUE in arteries (atherosclerosis)
Unsaturated fatty acids: 1+ C to C double bonds and are liquid at room temp. Vegetable sources (olive oil, margarine- squeeze, tub, stick)
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Lipids- NONPOLAR and do not dissolve in water. Function as energy storage and structure for cell membrane/wall
Phospholipid: complex lipid- phosphate group/glycerol (head: hydrophilic). saturated/unsaturated (tail: hydrophobic)
Cis vs Trans fat: Cis-same plane, Trans- opposite plane. Trans fat more closely resemble sat fats. Saturated=BAD, Unsaturated=HEALTHY
PROTEINS: CHNO- amino acids (NH2) is building block, joined by peptide bonds
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Primary structure: polypeptide chain, secondary: A. A. chain folds into helix or pleated sheets, Tertiary: 3-D shape of 2nd, Quaternary: consists of 2+ polypeptides
PROTEIN FUNCTIONS: Regulation: enzymes, Structure Cell Wall/Membrane, Membrane transport, immune function- antibodies
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3 parts: Nitrogen Base, 5-Carbon sugar, Phosphate Group (for each nucleotide)
Chemistry of Life
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Isotopes- CHANGE elements, different # neutrons = different mass #
research tool, use carbon to measure fossils (radiometric)
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Bohr model- electrons specific distance from nucleus- ELECTRON SHELLS / ENERGY LEVELS (3 shells- inner (2) middle (8) outer (8)
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octet rule: atoms are more stable when they gain/loose electron. ION: unequal # of protons and electrons
atom= smallest unit of matter that retains all chemical properties of elect (cannot be broken into smaller pieces)
gain- ANION, loose- CATION (Na is cation)
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covalent bond: shared electrons, ionic: transferring bonds (these take energy to break)
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6 elements: C, O, H, N, P, S (elements can be chemical and physical)
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Microbial Metabolism
Influences: temp, pH, substrate concentration (competitive/non-competitve inhibitors)
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Enzymes= proteins that speed up reaction, all end in -ASE (very specific)
Carb. Catabolism- breakdown of carb molecules to produce energy. Produce energy from glucose= fermentation and cellular respiration
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ATP: made by dehydration synthesis, broken by hydrolysis to release energy for cell
DNA: double strand, contains deoxyribose and thymine. RNA: single strand, contains ribose and uracil and has 3 forms- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA (these are proteins)