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Functionalist perspectives - Coggle Diagram
Functionalist perspectives
Durkheim
Formal and informal control
Shared social values and socialisation prevents us from committing crime - formal restraints judges and police - Informal education and family
Industrial effect
More urbanisation because of industrialisation, less social cohesion, more crime because less effective informal restraints
Functional
Crime is only dysfunctional when there is too much or too little - crime is the leading cause for social change
Merton
Subcultures formed in response to status frustration because have mainstream success goals but not the means to achieve them
Conformative - acheive and aspire to mainstream success goals in traditional way
Innovative - cannot achieve success goals in conformative way so do it through crime and deviance
Retreatists
Fail in mainstream values and criminal values so retreat from society and go into addiction
Rebellion
Don't accept mainstream values and want to create new society
Ritualism
Want success goals by mainstream values but stuck in occupation that doesn't give them opportunity
Hannah + defronzo evidence
Those with higher welfare provisions committ less crime
Evidence - post communist countries crime rose because promised higher living standards bc of free market capitalism but not given it - Poland 1989-90 rose by 69%
Cohen et al
Status frustration
Youth working class feel status frustration and so develop subculuture around delinquency
Delinquent subcultures - steeling replaces hardwork, vandalism replaces respect, all done to gain status in peer groups not as revenge
Criticisms
Miller
Can't abandon main stream values if never held them in the first place
Matza
Not committed to delinquent values either
Cloward + Ohlin
Criminal subculture
Raised in cohesive areas where criminal tendencies taught to children from adults because don't hold mainstream values but do all hold delinquent values
Conflict subculture
Not cohesive upbringing, lots of social change over because of urbanisation and so more variety of crime because lack of any values at all
Reatritist subculture
Failures in crime and mainstream usually drop out of school and become substance abusers
Hirschi
People dont commit crime because of socialisation and social bonds
Four social bonds
Shared moral values
Committment to conventional activities
Too busy with social committments to commit crime
Shared sensitivity for each other