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geo: chap 7- how can we build sustainable cities - Coggle Diagram
geo: chap 7- how can we build sustainable cities
features of cities
large population size
high population density
population density: measurement of the no. of ppl living in a unit area of land
formula: population density = no. of ppl living in the area / land area
built-up area
cities have extensive infrastructure: provide basic services-water, sanitation, electricity, transport & telecommunications for its residents
range of functions
economic function: many manufacturing industries that produce products
administrative function: capital of country, where office of president is located
relationship between cities and rural areas
rural-urban migration
migrants move due to push n pull factors
pull factor: reasons that make migrants attracted to a destination
-education and economic opportunities.
-more medical attention n facilities
push factors: reasons that make migrants want to leave their place of origin
-war, famine, poverty n lack of opportunitites
provision of goods n services
rural areas provide cities dwellers with much of their food supply
cities provide some rural inhabitants with amenities such as medical facilities n treatment
how do cities affect their inhabitants and the environment
opportunities
education n employment
variety of educational institutions: schools, vocation schools, universities that cater to different age group n interests
with education-ppl gain useful knowledge n skills-apply what they have learnt when they gain empolyment
when ppl receive wages for work-purchase food n other necessities-improve their well-being
business can hire from a large pool of skilled employees
can also offer work-study arrangements with educational institutions to train their empolyees
technological innovations
use of scientific knowledge to create new products/services
skilled people (researchers/designers) live in cities, n funding of government n investors enable city dwellers to experience with new ideas
may help improve the well-being of people
challenges
increased environmental pollution
large amt of fossil fuels are being consumed-leading cause of environmental pollution
environmental pollution: process where contaminants are produced n released into the physical environment
causes harm to human health
cities pollute air n water, causing water n air pollution
water pollution: inadequate and broken water sewage systems-waste water from households n industries leak into clean waterways. water quality is reduced-pollutants n bacteria cause diseases to humans, aquatic life may suffer too
air pollution: pollutants emitted for vehicles n factories, prolonged exposure-respiratory infection, heart diseases, lung cancer, death. poor health-demand for more healthcare services
competition for natural resources: increase population-increase demand by cities for limited resources-competition for resources
land resources
cities expand to rural areas-replace forests n farmland, or levelling hills
competition causes unhappiness when residents are relocated to make way for new buildings for other uses
water resources
cities' supply of water may be compromised due to competition of land.
-limits construction/expansion of reserviors
-more vegetation converted to concrete surfaces-affects water catchment areas and ground water
How can cities be sustainably built n managed
environmental management
management of physical environment
reduce water pollution
Plants are grown in the ponds to purify the water →
reducing water pollution
reduce air pollution
Enabling city governments to regulate people’s action and
industrial activities.
Each city has also set limits on air pollutants for industries and
vehicles
Example: Implementation of laws in Chinese cities
management of hazards
use of better quality building materials
reduce chances of collasping of buildings, infastrcuture damage, injuries and deaths
land use planning
making decision on how land resources will be used for various purposes: housing, recreation, transport
planning agencies may disallow some of these uses as location is unsafe-prevent hazards from occuring
improve quality of life: a person's well-being, which is affected by several factors such as physical n mental health
providing safe housing
structure n buildings r built to shelter people from weather elements. place for rest and social gatherings
providing a variety of transport modes
travelling is easier as there are more options to choose from
traffic congestion reduced-buses n trains carry more people-lesser cars
environmental pollution reduced-lesser cars on the road-lesser fossil fuel comsumption n carbon emissions
considering the needs of different groups
ageing population increasing
cities need to be designed with the needs of elderly in mind