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Botany Exam 2, image, tissues relation to stomata, The evolution of…

- - - - synapomorphy feature
        
        diverse
  - - - tracheid's with lignified cells walls
  - - - maintain water similar to environment
        
        needed water storage for droughts
  - - - mosses
        
        in gametophyte and sporophyte stages
        
        lack plasmodesmata
        
        small plants can refill water
        
        lack lignin
  - - - lignified
        
        synapomorphy
        
        primary early on and now in gymnosperms
        
        long thin tapered cells
        
        good for cold and arid
        
        because movement is so limited
        
        structure and water proofs
    - - prevent cavitation (spread of air bubbles)
  - - - shorter wider
        
        fast open travel
        
        vulnerable to cavitation
    - - no cell walls or membranes
    - - elongate vacuoles fuse and expand
        
        secondary walls
        
        perforation plates
        
        nucleolus broken down
        
        cell dies at maturity
  - - - usually by xylem
        
        need water from xylem
        
        came from leptoids
        
        more plasmodesmata (small channels for communication)
        
        tenoplast sometimes nucleous break down
  - - - transport photosynthates and hormones
  - - - sieve plates
        
        walls with large pores
        
        not die at maturity
        
        only have nucleous
        
        callose protect from injury
        
        P-proteins in angiosperms for protection
    - - connected through plasmodesmata
  - - - ancheint
        
        center of xylem
        
        surrounded by phloem
        
        in lychophytes
        
        exarch (near center)
    - - hollow
        
        diverse
        
        dictyostele
    - - diverse
        
        mature protoxylem near center
        
        metaxylem outward
        
        thicker stems
        
        monocot no distinct pith
  - - - only putting tissue in middle of tree
    - - effective spore dispersal
        
        light competition
        
        woody plants
        
        environment changes allowed water loss per CO2 reasonable
        
        mitosis of a vascular cambium
    - - diverse
        
        increases plant girth
        
        protects vascular tissue
    - - dead wood stores waste
        
        dark center
    - - vascular tissues
        
        lighter
    - - tracheids for all transport
        
        gymnosperm
    - - denser
        
        angiosperm
    - - tissue exterior to the vascular cambium
- - - - direction and force
        
        move from high to low
        
        components
        
        matric potentail
        
        waters adhesion to surfeces
        
        adhesion lowers potential
        
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        pressure potential
        
        hydrostatic pressure
        
        turgor pressure in cells
        
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        osmotic potentail
        
        effect of solute on water potentail
        
        solutes lower potentail
        
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        These components cause overall water potentail
        
        change throughout the day and environment
        
        less negative at night
      - must be high in tall trees
  - - - solutes, gravity, adhesion, etc make it more negative
  - - - cut plant organ in sealed chamber
        
        nitrogen pressure applied
        
        water out of xylem
        
        amount of water shows water potentail
  - - - water evaporate from stomata
        
        pores create a negative water potential gradient from the stoma to xylem
        
        pull water up
        
        regulate leaf temperature
  - - - differences in water potentail
        
        vascular system
        
        less to more negative
        
        continuous stream
    - - draws water in plant
        
        creates gradient
    - - hypertonic root
        
        hypotonic soil
    - - prevents emoblism
        
        protects plant
        
        caparian strip
        
        water moves simplistically through membranes
    - - unbroken column
        
        negative pressure from transpiration
        
        hydrogen bonds between water molecules
        
        cohesion and adhesion make column
  - - - sugars move in sources
        
        produced/stored
        
        in sinks consumed or stored
        
        leaves primary source of sugars
        
        fruits are strongest sinks
        
        apical meristems are sinks
      - photosynthate loaded in sieve tube
        
        help from souce companion cell
        
        ATP to move sucrose
        
        against concentration gradient
        
        increases osmotic pressure/lowers water potentail
        
        phloem to xylem via osmosis
        
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- - - - changes in humidity
      - limited water
      - intense sun
  - - - early plants has rudimentary pores
        
        just breaks in layers
        
        still lots of water
        
        may have been to control moisture levels
        
        millions of years later
        
        more complex
        
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    - - present
        
        moss and hornwort sporophytes
      - absent
        
        liverworts
      - varies in vascular plants
      - makes origins hard to detect
  - - - to rapidly adjusting to the enviroment
    - - in guard cells
        
        moves protons out of the guard cell
        
        influx of potassium ions
        
        guard cell concentration increases
        
        increase in turgor pressure
        
        stoma opens
      - powered by photosynthesis in the guard cells
        
        ATP needed
    - - aqueous signal to control carb avaliability
        
        stomata control
        
        regulation in seed plants
    - - stomata responds to:
        
        water stress
        
        ABA indicator for water status
        
        accumulates when no water (stomata close)
        
        reduce transpiration
        
        less risk of capitvation
        
        blue light
      - seed plants
        
        dedicated receptors to blue light
      - opening and closing
        
        dry air or no water
        
        early stomata closed to avoid captivation
        
        later to control water and carbon
        
        efficient water use
        
        how much carbon made per water
  - - - Shape: dumbells
      - linear arrays - - -
      - respond more quickly to environment changes
        
        special subsidiary cells
    - - shape: kidney bean
      - irregular spacing on epidermis
- - - - root precursor
        
        anchored plants
        
        simple singled cells
        
        in liverworts
        
        lateral symetry
        
        mineral absorbance
    - - true roots
        
        better than rhizoids
        
        bilateral symettry
        
        lost chlorophyl over time
        
        gained mineral-absorbing epidermal tissue
      - evolved from prostate roots
    - - in Lepidodendron (extinct tree)
        
        dichotomous growth
        
        from two apical maristems
        
        dense underground structure
        
        made for soil
        
        quiescent center
        
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  - - - endodermis
        
        root cap
    - - lots of variation between plants
  - - - in sporophytes of vascular plants
    - - root cap makes mucilage to protect meristem
        
        meristem behind root cap
        
        meristem holds quiescent center
        
        maintains cells
        
        meristem surrounded by pericycle
        
        mitosis to grow laterally
        
        the endodermis
        
        barrier
        
        controls water and nutrients going into stele
        
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  - - - around apical maristem
        
        rapid cell division
        
        new root cells
    - - cells that are elongating
        
        transition tissues, such as procambium, protoderm and ground meristem tissues
        
        soil penetration
    - - mature
        
        specailized
  - - - outer layer of vascular cylinder
        
        cell division
        
        new lateral roots
    - - monocots extensive lateral roots
    - - surrounds the pith
        
        pericycle cells
        
        casparian strip
  - - - passively through cell walls
        
        by passes membranes
    - - passes through cytoplasm
        
        connected by plasmodesmata
        
        greater control
    - - water and minerals from apoplast to simplast
        
        then stele
        
        prevent bad stuff and embolisms
    - - Eudicot
        
        no pith
        
        xylem and phloem in endodermis
        
        cortex between endo and exodermis
        
        large xylem small phloem
        
        casparian strips
        
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      - Monocot
        
        diverse
        
        pith
        
        ground tissue in stele
        
        cortex
        
        large xylem small protoxylem
        
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- - - - identifying characteristic for a group that distinguishes them from their ancestors
    - - shared trait in a common ancestor passed down to all in a specific group
        
        Ex. Sporophytes in land plants (multicellular)
    - - traits from common ancestor that are modified over time
    - - derived trait unique to one taxon
        
        does not help determine relations between groups
    - - ancestral trait found near the base of the tree
        
        Before group diverged from lineage
        
        Ex. dominance in gametophyte stage in land plants ( liverworts, mosses and hornworts)
        
        (evolved early on)
    - - multiple taxa have similar traits due to independent evolution
        
        convergent evolution is a cause
        
        make analogous traits
        
        ex. cactus leaves
  - - - limited plant size
        
        no extensive respiration
    - - selective pressure to protect DNA
        
        thicker cuticles
        
        protective pigments
        
        cellular arragnements
  - - - some of earliest evidence of land plants
        
        about 470 mya
        
        unique covering and trilete marks
        
        shows early reproductive strategies
        
        dichotomous branching ( { )
        
        early land plant structures
    - - cooksonia :
        
        425 mya
        
        stomata
        
        conducting tissues
        
        land plants already had structures key to being on land
        
        exchange gas and transport water internally
    - - late Ordovician
        
        sighns:
        
        early ancient spores
        
        cryptospores
        
        not always have trilobed mark like later land plants
        
        trilobed spores appearing over time
      - Silurian Period
        
        macroscopic fossils
        
        Cooksonia
        
        indicates land plant established
        
        no modern living in genus
        
        had:
        
        stomata
        
        vascular tissues
      - Devonian Period
        
        415 mya
        
        more complex plant life
        
        tracheid's
        
        water conducting cells
        
        can now move water effectively
        
        plants can grow taller
        
        can rely on less water
    - - gametophytes dominate
        
        later sporophyte dominate
        
        seeds, pollen, flowers
        
        plants could produce more spores
        
        no relying on water to fertilize
        
        environmental pressures
        
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  - - - diploid sprophyte
        
        trees, grasslands
        
        gametophyte stages minor
      - haploid gametophytes
        
        less dominant over time
    - - stomata
        
        vascular tissues
        
        roots
        
        seeds
        
        flowers
        
        angiosperm
        
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        plant egg for embryo
        
        nutrients and safety
        
        absorption anchorage
        
        conduct water/ nutrients
        
        gas exchange/ handle water
        
        plants in drier enviroments
- - - - always new tissues from maristems
    - - prophase
        
        metaphase
        
        anaphase
        
        telophase
        
        cytokenesis
        
        plants form cell plate
        
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        nuclear envelopes
        
        seperate
        
        align in middle
        
        chromosome condense
  - - - apical meristem domincance
      - three dimensional growth
        
        transition seen in modern moss
        
        early stage of gametophyte
        
        spores mitosis into filiments
        
        elongate similar to algae filaments
        
        some cells become 3D
        
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      - bifurcating sporophyte
      - terminal sporophytes lateral movement
    - - simple, unbranched
        
        terminate in single sporangium
        
        began to branch out
        
        initially dichotomous
        
        two equal branches
        
        later branched off much more
        
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      - displacement of sporangia
        
        away from main shoot tip
        
        reproducing organs now on short axes
        
        no more terminating growth
        
        new organs and tissues throughout plants life (indeterminacy)
        
        apomorphy
        
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      - branching patterns
        
        dichotomy
        
        two equal
        
        anisotomous
        
        two unequal
        
        modern
        
        xillary buds and lateral meristems
        
        lots of varied complex branching today
  - - - in algae (plesiomorphic trait)
    - - undergo repeated mitosis
        
        new organs and tissues throughout plants life
        
        makes new new stems, leaves, roots, and reproductive structures.
        
        always adapting to enviroment
    - - central zone (corpus)
        
        in shoots
        
        maintains slow dividing stem cells
      - peripheral zone (tunica)
        
        surrounds central zone
    - - Procambium
        
        beneath protoderm
        
        develops into phloem and xylem
        
        transport water, minerals, and sugars
        
        height and girth
      - Ground Meristem
        
        space between protoderm and procambium
        
        makes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
        
        does photosynthesis, storage, and structural support
      - Protoderm
        
        outer most later of cells
        
        derived from shoot
        
        Over time, cells form protective covering
        
        in roots
        
        root epidermal cells
        
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  - - - most of plant body
        
        storage, photosynthesis, support
        
        collenchyma cells
        
        structural support
        
        long
        
        unevenly thick walls
        
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        sclerenchyma cells
        
        solid support
        
        thick lignified walls
        
        contains fibers
        
        Parenchyma cells
        
        photosynthesis
        
        stores nutrients/water/wound repair
        
        thin cells walls
        
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    - - transport of water and minerals
        
        roots to other parts
        
        xylem
        
        transport of water
        
        Tracheids and Vessel Elements
        
        tracheid longer and tappered
        
        vessel elements shorter and open
        
        phloem
        
        transport organic elements
        
        sieve tube elements
        
        sugar transport
        
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    - - outer protective covering
        
        regulates environment interaction
        
        three types
        
        guard cells
        
        sotmata
        
        guard cell open and close stomata
        
        1 more item...
        
        trichomes
        
        epidermal structure
        
        protection
        
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        epidermal cells
        
        primary
        
        continuous layer
        
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  - - - stems branches leaves and flowers
    - - anchors
        
        nutrient and water absorption
    - - photosynthesis
        
        flat for sunlight interception
- - - - had sporangia
        
        environment did not allow leaves until 460 mya
        
        high temps
        
        low stomata density
        
        limited water intake
        
        leaves came with changes to enviroment
        
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    - - evolved independently twice
        
        microphylls
        
        in lycophytes
        
        small narrow leaves
        
        single vascular trace
        
        develop at intercalary meristem
        
        1 more item...
        
        megaphylls
        
        monophyte (ferns), gymnosperms, and angiosperms
        
        branched venations and leaf gaps in vascular system
      - The Enation Theory
        
        microphylls
        
        began as simple outgrowths of stems (enation)
        
        non vascularized
        
        for surface reach or more sunlight
        
        became vascularized
      - Zimmerman's theory
        
        megaphylls evolved from dichotomous branching
        
        overtoppping
        
        plantation
        
        webbing
        
        tissue between flat branches
        
        lateral branch flatten into plane
        
        unequal growth if branches
        
        one dominant branch
  - - - photosynthetic ground tissue
        
        parenchyma that contain chloroplasts
    - - modified parenchyma cells
        
        air pockets in between
        
        spaces made by air digestion
        
        facilitate gas exchange
        
        sometime buoyancy in leave
    - - flexible support to plant
        
        primary cell wall thickened
        
        in bundle sheath/ surrounding vascular bundles and veins
        
        celery
    - - veins of leaf
        
        xylem and phloem
        
        xylem transport water to roots and shoots
        
        Phloem transports photosynthates
        
        source to sink
        
        Xylem adaxial (top)
        
        Phloem abaxial (bottom)
    - - outermost of dermal tissue
        
        epidermal cells and guard cells
        
        waxy cuticle
        
        reduce water loss (evaporation)
        
        protect inside
  - - - single vascular trace
        
        microphyll
        
        contains xylem and phloem
        
        mesophyll surrounds vascular bundle
        
        mesophyll full f clhoroplasts
        
        epidermis
    - - Zea mays (corn)
        
        central midvein many smaller veins
        
        bulliform cells
        
        waxy cuticle
        
        adaxial epidermis
        
        expand or extract from water avaliability
        
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    - - broadleaf plants
        
        defined upper and lower epidermis
        
        covered in cuticle
        
        mesophyll
        
        spongey
        
        under palisade
        
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        pallisade
        
        beneath upper epidermis
        
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