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Mole Concept - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Matter = has mass & occupies space (“stuff”)
      - States
        
        Solid: fixed shape & volume
        
        Liquid: fixed volume, variable shape
        
        Gas: variable shape & volume
        
        Bridge: tug of war between attractions vs particle motion
      - Classification
        
        Mixtures
        
        Homogeneous (uniform, sugar in water)
        
        Heterogeneous (non-uniform, sand in water)
        
        Bridge: roommates sharing room
        
        Pure Substances
        
        Elements: one atom type
        
        Compounds: chemically bonded, fixed ratio
        
        Bridge: marriage → new identity
    - - Physical vs Chemical properties
      - Mass vs Weight
      - Volume: 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm³
      - Density = mass/volume (crowdedness)
      - Temperature: °C ↔ K (K = °C + 273.15)
      - SI Units: m, kg, s, K, A, cd, mol
    - - Scientific notation
      - Significant figures
      - Rounding rules
      - Precision vs Accuracy (darts analogy)
      - Dimensional analysis = unit translation
    - - Conservation of Mass
      - Definite Proportions (fixed recipe)
      - Multiple Proportions (whole-number ratios)
      - Reciprocal Proportions
      - Gay-Lussac’s Law (gaseous volumes)
      - Avogadro’s Law (equal vols = equal molecules)
    - - Postulates (atoms = Lego blocks)
      - Limitations: isotopes, isobars, divisibility, bonding not explained
  - - - Atomic mass (relative to C-12/12)
      - Average atomic mass = weighted isotopes
      - Molecular mass = sum of atoms
      - Formula mass = ionic units
      - Gram atomic/molecular mass = same number in g/mol
    - - 1 mole = 6.022×10^23 entities
      - Molar mass = g/mol
      - Conversions
        
        Mass ↔ Moles (n = m/M)
        
        Particles ↔ Moles (n = N/NA)
        
        Volume (gas @ STP) ↔ Moles (n = V/22.4 L)
        
        Molarity (M = n/V)
      - Bridge: mole = Rosetta Stone (atoms ↔ grams ↔ liters)
    - - % element = (mass of element / molar mass) × 100
      - Bridge: compound’s recipe card
    - - EF = simplest ratio
      - MF = actual numbers
      - Relation: MF = n × EF (n = M/M_EF)
      - Bridge: EF = skeleton recipe, MF = full recipe
    - - Mass % (w/w)
      - Volume % (v/v)
      - Mole fraction (χ)
      - Molarity (M) → temp dependent
      - Molality (m) → temp independent
      - Normality (N) = equivalents/L
      - Equivalent mass (E = M/n)
      - Bridge: different “languages” of concentration
    - - Definition: quantitative study of reactions
      - Steps: balance eqn → moles → mole ratio → convert
      - Limiting reagent: reactant that finishes first
      - % Yield = actual/theoretical ×100
      - Bridge: cooking recipe scaled to ingredients