Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Human Sexual Reproduction System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - gamete = sex cell
      - fertilised egg = zygote
        
        develops into an embryo
        
        then foetus
        
        then after birth, a baby (new indivudual)
        
        this new person is the offspring/young of their parents and contains the genetic material (DNA/deoxyribonucleic acid) from both their parents
        
        in the exam just put DNA don't need to spell the long one
  - - - This is so that when a sperm's nucleus and an egg's nucleus fuse together, the zygote will have the correct number of chromosones
      - They have 23 chromosones instead of 23 PAIRS of chromosones (46)
- - - - the organism will continue to produce its own kind unless its genetic material is changed in some way (eg. mutations)
    - - children will look like both parents, but will not be identical to any parent as their genetic information is from both parents
      - siblings will look similar, but never genetically identical, except identical twins
        
        this is because of the random nature of fertilisation
        
        no two eggs contain the same combination of genetic information from the mother
        
        no two sperms contain the same combination of genetic information from the father
        
        therefore the liklihood of 2 separate fertilisation events forming 2 genetically identical zygotes is extremely low
        
        TWINS
        
        identical
        
        produced from ONE zygote which divides into 2 cells, each of which grows to become a baby
        
        since the two babies are derived from one zygote, they have the same genes, same gender and are identical
        
        if the zygote did not divide fully, conjoined twins may occur, where the twins are connected at various body part(s)
        
        fraternal
        
        the ovaries accidentally release two eggs at the same times, which are fertilised by two different sperms
        
        the two zygotes do not contain the same genetic material as they are formed from separate sperms and eggs, so the twins formed are non-identical and may be of the same gender or not
- - - - height and weight increase
      - breasts begin to develop
      - hips become broader and rounder
      - armpit hair and pubic hair appear
      - maturation of eggs begins
      - MENSTRUAL CYCLE 🩸
        
        The length of the menstrual cycle may vary, randing for 21 - 33 days (average: 28, use this in exam)
        
        Variation in length of the cycle is normal, but it can also be affected by factors such as stress, illness and malnutrition
  - - - height and weight increase
      - voice deepens
      - facial hair, armpit hair and pubic hair appear
      - muscle strength increases
      - production of sperm increases
- - - - Implantation
        
        Birth
        
        During birth, contractions of the uterus wall help push the foetus out through the vagina
        
        LAST STAGE: Contractions continue as the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled
        
        DELIVERY: The mother pushes, and the baby crowns and then exits the birth crowns and enters the world
        
        LABOUR: Contractions increase in duration, frequency and intensity, causing the cervix to dilate
        
        The baby must be facing down, with its head at the cervix (if not must operation)
        
        After implantation, the embryo continues to grow and develop
        
        When major organs are formed, the embryo is now called the foetus, which will continue to increase in size until it is ready to be born
        
        After implantation, the placenta also forms for the exchange of substances between the foetus and the mother, and the foetus is connected to the placents by the umbilical cord
      - Embryo reaches the uterus where it gets embedded in the uterine lining (this is implantation)
      - The zygote undergoes multiple cell division cycles and develops into a ball of cells called an embryo
      - After fertilisation, the zygote travels down the oviduct
  - - - SUBSTANCE ABUSE: Smoking, consumption of alchohol and abuse of controlled drugs such as cannabis and heroin are examples of substance abuse and are harmful to the human body. During pregnancy, the effects of substance abuse harm both the mother and the foetus.
        
        Babies may be born premature. They will require intensive care as their organs may not be fully developed
        
        Babies may be born with low birth weight. They may thus have underdeveopedimmune systems and a higher risk of getting infections
        
        Smoking may affect the development of the foetus' heart, lungs and brain. Babies may develop respiratory problems later in life, and are more likely to face obesity and diabetes
        
        Alchohol consumption and abuse of drugs (eg. heroin, cannabis, cocaine, "ice", weed, kpods laced with etomidate etc.) can lead to physical, intellectual and behavioural challenges in the child, like having difficulty with paying attention or learning new things
      - FOOD: If the mother has poor nourishment, the foetus may suffer from malnutrition
      - FAMILY PLANNING AND BIRTH CONTROL METHODS
        
        Birth control or contraceptive methods can be used to prevent pregnancies
        
        Some are permanent while others are temporary
        
        They work by preventing ovulation, fertilisation or implantation
        
        Family planning involves deciding when to have a child and how many children to have
- - - - HIV can remain dormant (undetected) in a body for many years before symptoms appear
        
        HIV develops into AIDS, and can cause severe weight loss, pneumonia and brain infection.
        
        HIV is transmitted by...
        
        Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
        
        Sharing of hypodermic needles with an infected person
        
        Blood transfusion from an infected person
        
        Substance exchange at the placenta from mother to foetus during pregnancy
        
        Breastmilk
        
        HIV is prevented by...
        
        Keeping to a single sex partner
        
        Abstaining from sex
        
        Not abusing drugs as drug users are in the habit of sharing needles
        
        Not sharing instruments that can break skin and get contaminated with blood
        
        Using a condom during sexual intercourse
        
        Making sure needles used for hypodermic purposes are sterilised
- - - - unwanted pregnancy
        
        couple may not be emotionally/financially ready for a child
        
        some people are unable to accept unwed mothers
      - STIs (sexually transmitted infections)
        
        people may not be aware that they are infected
        
        some people may not recognise the symptoms
        
        some people may choose to not tell their partner
  - - - termination of a pregnancy
    - - life of the mother and/or foetus is/are in danger
      - mother may be permanently harmed if pregnancy continues
      - child may be born physically/mentally handicapped
      - mother is physically and/or mentally incabable of supporting the child (eg. financial situation, mental illness)
      - unwanted pregnancy resulting from rape
    - - a doctor surgically removes the embryo/foetus from the uterus
    - - first trimester (first 12 weeks)
    - - may cause feelings of guilt in the mother for ending the life of her child -> leads to depression
      - uterus may be damaged, increasing chances of infertility
      - infections may develop