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the degree of noise, (the manner of articulation, the place of…
the
degree of noise
sonorants
are made with tone prevailing over noise because of rather wide air passage
noise consonant
s
sound vary: 1. in the
work of vocal cords
(voiced/voiceless) 2. in the
degree of force
of articulation (weak/strong)
voiced [b, d, g, v, ð, ʒ, z, dʒ] voiceless [p, t, k, f, θ, ʃ, tʃ, h]
weak - lenis [b, d, g, v, ð, ʒ, z, dʒ] strong - fortis [p, t, k, f, θ, ʃ, tʃ, h]
(the
manner
of articulation
rolled
- momentary obstr. - when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream
constrictive
- incomplete obstr.
constrictive noise consonants
-
FRICATIVES
- the consonant sounds in the articulation of which the air stream goes through the
constricted
air passage and escapes through the narrowing with
friction
sound vary: 1. in the
work of vocal cords
(voiced/voiceless) 2. in the
degree of force
of articulation (weak/strong)
constrictive sonorants
- are also made with an incomplete obsrt. but with a rather wide air passaage --> tone prevailes over noise
occlusive-constrictive
-
AFFRICATES
are produced when the speech organs form
a complete obstr.
and then it's
slightly released
so the air escapes with
friction
sound vary: 1. in the
work of vocal cords
(voiced/voiceless) 2. in the
degree of force
of articulation (weak/strong)
occlusive
- complete obstr.
occlusive
consonants are called
STOPS
because the breath is completely stoppeв at some point articulation and then released with a slight explosion -->
PLOSIVES
occlusive sonorants
are also made with a complete obstruction but soft palate is lowered --> they are nasal: [m, n, ŋ]
the
place of articulation
(according to the position of the active organ)
labial
consonants - made with the lips
lingual
consonants
the
glottal consonant
- articulated in the glotis: [h]
voiced
[b, d, g]
voiceless
[p, t, k]
sound vary: 1. in the
work of vocal cords
(voiced/voiceless) 2. in the
degree of force
of articulation (weak/strong)
forelingual
apical [t, d, s, z, n, l, θ, tʃ, ð, dʒ]
dorsal - not English sounds
cacuminal [r]
mediolingual
- are produced with the middle of the tongue raised high to the hard palate. They are
PALATAL
[j]
backlingual
-
VELAR
- produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate
[k, g, ŋ]
according to the place of obstruction
interdental cons-s
/ interdentals - made with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth: [ð, θ]
dental cons-s
/ dentals - made with the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth (not Eng. sounds)
post-alveolar cons-s
- made when the tip / the blade is against the back part of the teeth ridge or just behind it: [r]
palato-alveolar cons-s
- made with the tip/the blade against the teeth ridge and the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate, thus having 2 places of articulation/foci (front secondary focus), both narrowings are flat: [tʃ, dʒ]
alveolar cons-s
- articulated with the tip against the upper teeth ridge: [t, d, s, z, n, l]
[m, n, ŋ, w, l, r, j]
Russian sounds [р, р']
weak - occlusive voiced [b, d, g] strong - occlusive voiceless [p, t, k]
voiced [v, ð, ʒ, z] voiceless [f, θ, ʃ, h]
weak fractives [v, ð, ʒ, z, dʒ] strong fricatives [f, θ, ʃ, tʃ, h]
[l, w, r, j]
voiced [dʒ] - lenis voiceless [tʃ] - fortis
Consonants
bilabial
- (both lips are active): [p, b, m, w]
labio-dental
- (the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth): [f, v]
voiceless/
fortis
- are produced with
more
muscular energy and breath effort
voiced/
lenis
- are produced with
less
muscular energy and breath effort