Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Behavioral Theories :pen: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Behavioral Intent; measures of intent include (1) time frame for performance of the behavior (2) an exact description of the action composing the behavior, (3) desired outcome of the behavior, and (4) context of the behavior.
        
        Behavior
  - - - Behavioral Intent
        
        Behavior
  - - - Attitude and subjective norms are reflections of the other two Value-based theories
      - Outcome expectations and expectancies are reflections of constructs from Social Cognitive Theory
    - - Behavior
        
        The model also includes pathways that by-pass behavioral skill: these pathways would apply when a behavior is fully volitional (i.e., when levels of self-efficacy and skill are universally high in a population
- - - - Perceived severity: the degree to which an individual believes a condition and/or disease and its consequences are serious
      - Perceived susceptibility: Belief regarding the probability and extent to which an individual might contact a condition and/or disease or experience a health threat
        
        Requires the use of a conditional statement ( the behavior is included)
      - Fear Appeal: persuasive messages designed to scare people by describing negative outcomes if a person doesn't change behaviors or habits
      - Modifying Factors: Typically demographics such as age, race, gender, socioeconomic status that moderate constructs
      - Likelihood of Seeking Action: measures a behavioral intent, assesses the degree of motivation a person may have to engage un a given health protective behavior
        
        Self-efficacy: People will not try a new behavior unless they are confident that they can perform the behavior, added later to the model
      - Cues to Action: events and reminders viewed as forms of intervention
  - - - Rewards: consequences for maladaptive behavior responses, whether adapting health risk behaviors or not adopting health protective behaviors
      - Severity & Vulnerability: assessment of the seriousness of the health threat by estimating the probability of an negative outcome and the severity of the negative outcome if no remedial action is taken
        
        Protection Motivation: an individual takes into account four cognitive considerations in sequence; evaluation of chances of harm, severity of the outcome, efficacy of the response, and self-efficacy of the individual.
        
        Other importance contributing factors include past experiences, environmental factors, and personality variables
    - - Perceived Self-efficacy: Individuals evaluation of their own capacity to perform the recommended behavior
      - Costs of Adaptive response: physical, social, or psychological consequences of engaging in adaptive responses
  - - - Perceived Efficacy: Combination of Self-efficacy and response efficacy (SCT)
        
        Protection Motivation: Health protective action people will take to control threat
        
        Message Acceptance
        
        Danger Control Process: Goal of the message; individual will engage in strategies to avert the threat; can be measured in terms of changes in beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior that are consistent with the position being advocated in the message
        
        Defensive Motivation: Applying fear control by engaging in coping responses that reduce fear but also prevent a danger control process from occurring, controlling the fear rather than controlling the threat.
        
        Message Reception
        
        Fear Control Process: an individuals belief that they are either unable to engage in the recommended response or they believe the response to be ineffective; can be measured by levels of cognitive and effective responses to the message such as denial, defensive avoidance, and reactance.
      - Perceived Threat: Combination of susceptibility and severity (same as HBM)
        
        No perceived threat: results in no response
- - - - Precontemplation: Individual have no intention to take action in the foreseeable future; people may be uninformed or under-informed about the consequences of their behavior, they may have tried and failed at making changes and become demoralized about their capacity to change, or make not recognize that they need to change.
        
        Contemplation: Individuals in this stage are engaged in cognitive process and has shown intent to change within the next 6 months.
        
        Decisional Balance: mental weighing of the importance of the pros and cons associated with changing behavior; to move to the next stage, ideally individuals will see the pros as more valuable than the cons by enhancing perceptions of the advantages of changing behavior and minimizing the perceptions of the barriers to adopting these behaviors.
        
        The meta-analytic evidence of decisional balance: strong principle of progress indicates the pro of a health behavior change must increase by about one standard deviation from precontemplation to action, weak principle indicates that cons of health behavior change must decrease by one half standard deviation from precontemplation to action.
        
        Preparation: Individuals at this stage intend to adopt a new behavior in the immediate future ( within the next month); may have taken some action such as joining a health club or participating in an education class
        
        Action: Individuals at this stage have made specific overt modifications in their lifestyle within the past 6 months; individuals must achieve a level of behavior change that scientists and professionals agree is sufficient to reduce risk of disease.
        
        Maintenance: Individuals at this stage work to prevent relapse, but they do not need to apply changes processes as frequently as do people in the action stage; sustaining behavior for a minimum of 6 months
        
        Process of Change: Stimulus control, counterconditioning, helping relationships, reinforcement management
        
        Process of Change:Self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, self-liberation, self-efficacy, stimulus control
        
        Process of Change: Self-liberation, self-efficacy, stimulus control, counterconditioning, helping relationships
        
        Self-efficacy: consists of two components: confidence and temptation
        
        Confidence: primary construct that refers to an individual's perceived ability to cope with high risk situations without relapsing to unhealthy behaviors
        
        Temptation: intensity of urges to engage in specific behavior when confronted with challenging situations
        
        Process of Change: Consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation
      - The amount of time that an individual is in a particular stage varies greatly within and across populations and across various behaviors.
      - The process of cycling and re-cycling through the stages a number of times is critical concept of the theory
      - Processes of Change: essential principles that promote change, intervention strategies that help modify a person's thinking, feeling, or behavior; actual mechanisms or drivers, propelling forward progress through stage of change and lay the framework for the design of the ensuing behavior change intervention. These include: Consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, self-liberation, helping relationships, counterconditioning, contingency management, stimulus control, & social liberation.
        
        Process of Change vs Techniques: Techniques are strategies, methods, or planned activities that are used to amplify process of change.
  - - - Stage 2: Unengaged by Health risk: Have heard about the health risk and are starting to form opinions about it. They are aware of the health risk but do not think it applies to them.
        
        Stage 3: Deciding about Acting: Important to distinguish between those who have never thought about personally taking action, and those who ARE thinking about it, but haven’t decided to take action yet. These people may have had some personal experience with the health risk
        
        Stage 4: Decided Not to Act: These people have considered the available information and have decided not to act, perhaps because they do not feel it is necessary to take any protective action. They tend to engage in actions that protect their decision/ position
        
        Stage 5: Deciding to Act: Considered the available information and decided that they needed to take action.
        
        Stage 6: Acting: Detailed implementation information can be dealt with now, which is information they weren’t ready to hear before they had decided to act. Information will influence what they choose to do.
        
        Stage 7: Maintenance:
        Detailed implementation information can be dealt with now, which is information they weren’t ready to hear before they had decided to act. Information will influence what they choose to do.
    - - PAPM have different stages to define the unaware and unengaged, TMC places all of these individuals in the precontemplation stage. This can create issues because intervention materials might not fit the needs of various participants who fall within precontemplation, "Awareness of the potential health threat may be the objective for people who are unaware, but the intervention materials designed to create this awareness may not necessarily consider optimism bias."
      - The PAPM addresses individuals who consider to change but choose not to act within their own stage (stage 4), the TMC places these individuals in the precontemplation stage until they begin to show signs of using constructs of decision balance or self-efficacy to change their attitude towards the behavior in question.
      - PAPM does not use Process of Change, instead the notion is that change occurs due to a number of intervention techniques which naturally vary between different populations and different behaviors.
- - - - Physiological state: learning how to control and overcome fear and control the corresponding somatic reactions
        
        Verbal Persuasion: convince people that they can indeed perform a given health-protective behavior
        
        Vicarious Experience: people learn by watching others perform a given behavior
        
        Enactive attachment: physically guiding or coaching someone through the behavior
  - - - Reinforcement: Adding something good ( positive) or subtracting something bad (negative) and always involves an increase in the behavior
        
        Positive reinforcement: generally involves a perceived reward following the behavior
        
        Extrinsic
        
        Intrinsic
        
        Negative Reinforcement: takes the form of removing something that people classify as undesirable
  - - - Person
      - Behavior
- - - - Knowledge
        
        Persuasion
        
        Decision
        
        Implementation
        
        Confirmation