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Rita Garcia - Gonzalez Period:3 Histology, Elastic Fiber ( the…

- - - - There are four main classes:
        
        Cartilage: Matrix secreted from chondroblasts (during growth) and chondrocytes (adults). Chondrocytes found in cavities called lacunae. Tough yet flexible material that lacks nerve fibers – Avascular: receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (perichondrium) ▪ Periochondrium gives rise to chondroblasts and chondrocytes
        
        Hyaline cartilage: Most abundant; “gristle” ▪ Appears as shiny bluish glass ▪ Found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs
        
        Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to
        muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
        Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
        
        Fibrocartilage: Properties between hyaline and dense regular tissue
        Strong, so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and knee
        
        Function: Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.
        Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.
        
        Elastic cartilage: Similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers Found in ears and epiglottis
        
        Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
        Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
        
        Bone (osseous tissue); – Supports and protects body structures – Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities – Has more collagen compared to cartilage – Has inorganic calcium salts – Osteoblasts produce matrix – Osteoclasts resorption – Osteocytes maintain the matrix ▪ Reside in cavities in matrix called lacunae – Osteons: individual structural units – Richly vascularized
        
        Function: Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Location: Bones.
        
        Bone – Also called osseous tissue –
        Supports and protects body structures –
        Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities –
        Has more collagen compared to cartilage –
        Has inorganic calcium salts –
        Osteoblasts produce matrix –
        Osteoclasts resorption –
        Osteocytes maintain the matrix
        ▪ Reside in cavities in matrix called lacunae – Osteons: individual structural units – Richly vascularized
        
        Connective tissue proper: Consists of all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood
        
        Loose connective tissue
        
        Areolar
        
        Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.
        Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays an important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.
        
        Adipose
        
        Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.
        Location: Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within the abdomen; in breasts.
        
        Reticular
        
        Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
        Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
        
        Dense connective tissue
        
        Dense regular
        
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        Dense irregular
        
        Function: Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.
        
        Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.
        
        Elastic
        
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        Blood:
        
        Most atypical connective tissue because it is fluid ▪ Consists of cells surrounded by matrix (plasma) – Red blood cells are most common cell type – Also contains white blood cells and platelets – Fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting – Functions in transport and in carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, and other substances
        
        Function: Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
        Location: Contained within blood vessels.
    - - Fibers
        
        Elastic Fibers: Networks of long, thin elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
        
        Reticular: Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; offer more "give"
        
        Collagen: Strongest; tough; provides high tensile strength
        
        Cells: The first two elements ( ground substance and fibers ) together make up the extracellular matrix .
        
        Ground substance: Gel-like material that fills space between cells
- - - - Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control.
      - Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
      - Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations.
- - - - Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
      - Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the
        digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
      - Description: Single layer of tall cells with
        round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
  - - - Function: secretion and absorption
      - Location: Kidneys tubules: ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
      - Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
  - - - Function: Allows materials to pass by
        diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae (linings of ventral body cavity).
      - Location: : Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae.
      - Description: Single layer of flattened cells
        with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.
  - - - Description: It resembles stratified squamous and cuboidal. The basal cells cuboidal and columnar. The surface cells dome shaped depends on degree of organ stretch. ( can be a different shape )
      - Function: Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend the urinary organ.
        
        Ability of cells to change shape when stretched allows for increased flow of
        urine and, in the case of bladder, more storage space
      - Location: The lines ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra