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Section 1: The processes of life - Coggle Diagram
Section 1: The processes of life
The Origins
Evidence of Life
Stromatolites- Microbial mats from early years
C12 evidence is used for photosynthesis
Fossil Records
Punctuated Equalibrium- Sudden changes
Phyletic Gradualism- Small changes
Earliest life as microbes are 1.6 BYA
Seed Plants- 350 MYA Flower Plants-150 MYA
The Conditions
Early Atmosphere creates organic molecules from inorganics
Early Atm: NH3 + CH4 + Water Vapor Modern Atm: Nitrogen + Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide
RNA World Hypothesis
RNA Starts from PNA, then replaces it later
RNA appears before DNA
RNA can be catalyst and Genetic Material
Miller-Urey Experiment Proves how life happens in early earth
Cells
Eukaryotes
Plant Cells
Cholorplast and mitochondria
Cell wall
Made of celluose, Beta Glucose
Animal Cells
mitochondira only
Endomembrane System
Nucleus, ER, Rough and Smooth ER,
Transport and basic building block synthesis
Golgi Apparatus or dictyosome
Packages lipids and proteins for organelles
Mitochondria
Aeorbic respiration
Plastids
Different Types
Photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
Microfilament
actin, thin and assist movement
Intermediate Filament
twisted proteins, stability
Microtubles
Large, crucial in cell division
Prokaryotes
Circular DNA in Cytosol
Aerobic Respiration capable prokaryote englfed by cell
Mitochondria origin
Cyanobacteria engulfed by cell
Evolved to chloroplast
Cytoskeleton Elements
Origins
LUCA, 3.5 BYA
Started as Vesicle made of phospholipids
Endosymbiotic Theory
Origins of Mitochondria and Plastids
Cells become more complex as they evolved
Photosynthesis
Origins
Cyanobacteria first photosynthesizer
3BYA
Stromatolites
Rusting world due to O2 increase
Pigments
Cholorphyll A
CH3 in ring, 430 to 662 nm
Chlorophyll B
CHO in mid, 455 to 642 nm
Carotenoids
Fall pigments after cholorphyll breaks down
Wider absorbtion
Thylakoid Reactions
Photosystems
I
P680
More Chlorophyll A
Photolysis
II
More Cholophyll B
P700
ETC/Photophosphorylation
Electron movement, Proton motive force
Pheophytin, Plastiquinnone, Cytochrome B6F, Plastocyanin, Ferrodoxin, FNR
Protiens that carry electrons
Cytochrom B6F pumps protons
Cylic
electron cycled back to plastiquinnone, to build protons without NADPH
Earliest evoloved
Non-cylic
Electrons sent to NADPH for stromal reactions
Photolysis/Oxygen Evolving Complex brings new e-
ATP Synthase
Cycles as protons pumped through
Makes ATP from ADP + P1
Proton lake in lumen sent to stroma
Stromal Reactions
Calvin Cycle/RuBisCo
Fixation
Rubisco catalyzes CO2 and RuBP combo.
2 PGA result
Reduction
ATP and NADPH reduce (E gain) PGA t
G3P result
Regeneration
One G3P Gluconegenized
results in frutose and glocose phosphate
ends with good ole glucose
Amyloplasts?
One G3P sent into pool
Eventually creates more RuBP for calvin cycle
Photorespiration
Lack of CO2, uses O2 with rubisco
REALLY inefficent
Only in High light, or no water
Alternate Paths
C3
Usual
C13-14 discriminatory
Photorespiration can happen
C4
Pep Carbolyase
Spatial difference
Warm temps with low Co2
Not really discriminatory
CAM
Deserts
Stromata closes at day
Water conserver
Pep Carboxlyase
Not very discriminatory
Releases Amonia
G3P and Phosphoglocoyerate
Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate turns into Acetyl CoA
3C to 2C
Produces CO2 and NADH per Pyruvate
In Mitochondria Matrix
Citric Acid Cycle
Occurs in Mitochondria matrix
takes Acetyl CoA and combines with oxalcacetate
Citrate (C6)
Ends with 3 NADH, one ATP, and One FADH per pyruvate
Oxidative Phosphorylation/ETC
In Cristae
Uses past electron carriers from CAC
Ends in 32 ATP after ETC and Synthase
Proton Motive Force powers ATP Synthase
Pumps Protons with Electrons
Complex1-4, Ubiquinone, and Cytochrome C for electrons
Electrons accepted by water at end
Oxidized Carriers return to other processes
Glycolysis
Ends with 2 pyruvate, with a gain of 2 ATP and NADH
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Early Metabolism
Glycolysis
Ends with 4 ATP, and 2 NADH and Pyruvate. Also 2 H20
Starts with 2 ATP input and Glucose
ATP made from ADP using Substrate Level Phosphoraltion
Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animals, under heavy exercise, lack of O2
Pyruvate to Lactate and NAD+
Makes lots of Lactic Acid, later converted back to pryvate
Ethanol Fermentation
Plants or microbes, waterlogged, lack of O2
Makes Acetaldehyde (2C) then turns to Ethanol and NAD+
Aeorbic Respiration
Chemosynthesis
Hydrothermal Vents
Hyperthermophiles-High temp
Uses Anaerobic Respiration, no O2
In organic molcules used for life
Metabolism Before RNA
Glucose Metabolism
Alpha Glucose
A(1 to 4) or A(1 to 6) bonds
Polymers: Amylose or Amylopectin, Starch is combination
Beta Glucose
B(1 to 4) bonds
Polymers: Celluose
