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ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The English began to visit West Africa from the end of the fifteenth century
      - the beginning of the nineteenth century, the increase in commerce and anti-slave-trade activities had brought English to the whole West African coast.
        
        there was the rise of several English-based pidgins and creoles
        
        PIDGIM is a restricted language which arises for the purposes of basic communication betweentwo social groups of which one is in a more dominant position than the other.
        
        The less dominant group is the one which develops the pidgin, resulting in a mix between the basis of the colonial language and the local language or languages of the natives.
        
        CREOLE language is the expanded version of a pidgin.
        it evolved into a complete language, used in a community and acquired by childrenas their native language.
      - British varieties developed especially in five West African countries, each of which now gives English official status:Sierra Leone,Ghana,Gambia,Nigeria,Camerun,Liberia
        
        The Imperial British East Africa Company was founded in 1888, and soon afterwards a system of colonial protectorates became established, while other European nations (Germany, France, and Italy) fought with Britain for territorial control.
        
        Dutch colonists arrived in the Cape as early as 1652, but British involvement in the region dates only from 1795.
        
        Settlements began in 1820, British were given land in the eastern Cape.
        
        Afrikaans (language of the Boers), which was given official status in 1925, was the first language of the majority of whites, including most of those in power
        
        English was made the official language of the region in 1822
        
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      - The first regular British contact with the subcontinent came in 1600 with the formation of the British East India Company
        
        a group of London merchants who were granted a trading monopoly in the area by Queen Elizabeth I.
        
        In India, the conflict between the supporters of English, Hindi, and regional languages led in the 1960s to a ‘three language formulain which English was introduced as the chief alternative to the local state language
        
        The territories in South-east Asia and the South Pacific:The main American presence emerged after the Spanish-American War of 1898, from which the USA received the island of Guam and sovereignty over the Philippines.
        
        The Philippines became independent in 1946, but the influence of American English remains strong.
        
        Hawaii was annexed at that time also, after a
        period of increasing US influence.
        In the 1940s,the US invasion of Japanese-held Pacific islands was followed after World War II by several areasbeing made the responsibility of the USA as United Nations Trust Territories.
      - British influence began through the voyages of English sailors at the end of the eighteenth century, notably with the journeys of Captain Cook in the 1770s. Centres were established inseveral locations, Penang (1786) and Malacca (1824) in Malesya, and Singapore (1819).
        
        In Malaysia, following independence (1957), Bahasa Malaysia was adopted as the national language
        
        Singapore in the 1950s introduced a bilingual educational system.English remained the language of government and the legal system, and retained its importance in education and the media.Singlish.
        
        Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain in 1842 at the end of the first Opium WarTowards theend of the nineteenth century, several territories in the region became British protectorates, the administration of some being later taken over by Australia and New Zealand.
        
        Papua New Guinea was visited by British sailors as early as 1793, and Britain and Germany annexedthese areas in 1884. The area became independent in 1975.
  - - - The expanding or extending circle involves those nations which recognize the importance of English as an international language:
        
        nor have they given English any special administrative status.
        
        they do not have a history of colonization
  - - - The first truly significant step in the progress of English towards its status as a global language took place towards the end of the sixteenth century. Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I (1603) and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), the number of native speakers of English worldwide increased, the vast majority of whom were living outside the British Isles.
      - The nineteenth century saw a massive increase in American immigration from Europe, as people fled the results of revolution, poverty, and famine.
        
        In the first two decades of the twentieth century, immigrants were entering the USA at an average of three-quarters of a million a year.
        
        The English language became a ‘glue’ which brought people together and a common and shared medium of communication across different ethnical and cultural groups
        
        The result was a massive growth in mother-tongue use of English and a massive advancement in the role of English as a GLOBAL LANGUAGE.
      - The origins of English can be traced back to the 5th century, when it arrived in England from northern Europe and began to spread around the British Isles (UK and Ireland).
      - canada :During the 1750s thousands of French settlers were deported and replaced by settlers from New England.
        
        Australia was visited by Cook in 1770, and within twenty years Britain hadestablished its first penal colony at Sydney
        
        prisoners were transported during the 50 years after the arrival of the ‘first fleet’ in 1788.
        
        Free settlers began to enter the country and from then on, immigration rapidly increased.
        
        The British Isles provided the main source of settlers, and thus the main influence on the language
      - New Zealand :Captain Cook charted the islands in 1769–70, and European whalers and traders began to settle there in the 1790s, expanding the developments already taking place in Australia.
        
        Christian missionary work began among the Maori from about 1814.