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Discourse Analysis, Cohesion., Coherence, Information Structure: …

- - - - Conersation analysis
        
        some organisational principles govern only in interactive, which is usually spoken, conversational discourse
        
        Most notably, conversations follow a pattern whereby speakers regularly "take turns"; this principle is referred to as turn-taking in conversation
        
        Within this overall conversational pattern, a range of other governing principles has been observed, such as strategies for getting and holding the (conversational) floor at adequate transition relevance places (TRPs), following the appropriate sequencing of verbal actions in various kinds of adjacency pairs (such as question/answer pairs, pairs of greetings, etc.), as well as the proper insertion of opening and closing sequences which indicate that and where conversations start and end.
        
        Other conversational devices that occur throughout most interactive discourse are repairs and re-starts, through which conversationalists respond to actual or potential upcoming difficulties, pausing, as well as a range of linguistic expressions that serve as hedges (i.e. mitigating the strength of an utterance, by using modal auxiliaries, for example) or politeness expressions rather than carrying proper information
- - - - These categories therefore describe the communicative
        structure of an utterance;
        
        they overlap with the information structure within a sentence, i.e. with the fact that certain parts of it contain information that is already familiar to the hearer/ reader and therefore given, while other parts are relatively new and then usually constitute the most relevant part of the utterance at a particular point of the discourse.
        
        to put the given information first and the new information at the end of the sentence.
        
        the focus of a message usually occurs
        in end-position; this principle is referred to as principle of end-focus.
        
        Since this newer, more informative part of the sentence is usually also longer and syntactically more complex, it is also called the principle of end-weight
    - - The most important, i.e. the most informative, part of this comment is called the sentence focus.
- - - - Notable constructions are:
        
        the inversion of the subject and the main verb: ambia el orden para enfatizar.
        Ej: "Rarely does Maria read this book." (foco en “rarely”)
        
        Passive: pone el foco en el objeto o en la acción en lugar del sujeto.
        Ej: "The book was read by Maria." (foco en “the book”)
        
        Fronting: adelantar un elemento de la oración para destacarlo.
        Ej: "This book, Maria read yesterday."
        
        Clefting constructions: dividen la oración para enfatizar una parte.
        Ej: "It was Maria who read the book." (foco en “Maria”)