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Urine - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Squamous epithelial cells and mucus can make urine look hazy
      - Urine that has not been properly preserved
      - Amorphous precipitates
        
        Phosphates and Carbonates in alkaline urine
        
        Urates in acidic urine
      - Urine crystals, mucus, semen, fecal contamination
    - - Red/white blood cells
      - Bacteria
      - Abnormal crystals
        
        Yeast, epi cells, sperm, mucus, lymph fluid
  - - - Bilirubin- will be foamy from the protein, can be oxidated to biliverdin and look yellow-green
      - Urobilinogen- does not cause foam
      - Medications- Puridium, Azulfidine, some laxatives and chemo drugs
    - - Blood in Urine- RBCs present (hematuria)-urine look red and cloudy because of intact red cell
        
        Hemoglobin or Myoglobin-urine look read and clear because dissolved pigments
        
        Hemoglobinuria- from RBC breakdown, red urine and red plasma
        
        Myoglobin-from muscle breakdown, red urine plasma stays clear, more brown-red
        
        Porphyrins- gives a port wine color due to oxidized porphobilinogen
        
        Non-pathogenic: Menstrual blood, foods and some medications
    - - Excess melanin production from melanoma(pathogenic)
      - Alkaptonuria makes homogentisic acid turn black in alkaline conditions (pathogenic)
      - Hemoglobin/myoglobin (pathogenic)
      - Medication: chloroquine, primaquine, levodopa, Flagyl, Nitrofurantoin, senna, Robaxin
      - Nonpathogenic: fava beans, rhubarb, aloe, extreme exercise
    - - UTI caused by Pseudomonas(pathogenic)
      - Rare inherited disorder, blue diaper syndrome (pathogenic)
      - Nonpathogenic: Clorets breath mints, food dyes, asparagus, B vitamins
      - Medications: Robaxin, Methylene blue, Indocin, Propofol