Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

ELECTRONS IN ATOM. - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Principal quantum number (n)
      - n=1 closest to nucleus, lowest energy
      - Higher n= more energy, less tightly held
    - - into sub-shells: s, p, d, f
      - Maximum electrons: s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, f = 14
      - Energy order: s < p < d
    - - Region space for 1 or 2 electrons
      - Number of orbitals: s=1, p=3, d=5
      - Shapes of orbitals
        
        s orbital: spherical
        
        p orbital: hourglass
        
        d orbitals: more complex
      - Filling orbitals
    - - Full electronic configuration
      - Shorthand notation
      - 'Electron in boxes' notation
  - - - First IE: energy to remove one electron from each atom in 1 mole to form 1+ ions
      - Successive IE: removing subsequent electrons
      - Units: kJ mol⁻¹
      - Equation format: Ca(g) → Ca+(g) + e−
    - - Nuclear charge (proton number): higher charge = higher IE
      - Greater distance (from nucleus) = lower IE
      - Greater shielding (of inner electrons) = lower IE
      - Easier to remove paired electron = lower IE
    - - Across a period
        
        Atomic radius ↓, ionisation energy ↑, electronegativity ↑.
      - Down a group
        
        Atomic radius ↑, ionisation energy ↓, electronegativity ↓.
  - - - Increase down a group (more shells, increased shielding)
      - Decrease across a period (increased nuclear charge, same outer shell, less shielding change)
    - - Increase down a group (same charge, more shells, increased shielding)
      - Decreases across a period (for ions of same charge, increased nuclear charge)
      - Positive ions smaller than parent atoms (lost outer shell)
      - Negative ions larger than parent atoms (gained electrons, increased repulsion)