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Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry -…

- - - - Darwins discovering of Galapagos finches developing different structures of beaks so they can adapt to the increase and decrease of different available sources of food. This allows them to survive and avoid becoming extinct. This is considered an Evolutionary Theme.
        
        In 1859 Charles Darwin discovered the process of Natural Selection
        
        Evolution is a biological change overtime in a species to survive environmental impacts. Adaptation
      - From the ecosystem to the genes, the Galapagos finches display the principle of structure fitting function at all levels of their Biological Organization.
        
        Levels of Organization
        
        Biosphere
        
        Ecosystems
        
        Communities
        
        Populations
        
        6.Organs
        
        Tissues
        
        Cells
        
        Organelles
        
        Molecules
        
        Orgnanism
        
        Reductionism
        
        Powerful Strategy in Biology
        
        Complex systems into simpler components
        
        Syetem Biology
        
        A scientific exploration upon multiple variables in a biological stand point rather than indulging into only one independent component.
        
        The genetic Information encoded in the Finches DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) provide instructions to determine everything for the organism from simple proteins that makeup the cells to form it's physical structure.
      - Energy flows from the sun, to the plants, to the bugs that eat the plants, and to the finch that eats the bugs. Matter cycles between the finch and it's environment.
        
        A bug/beetle being eaten by the finch and the finch being preyed upon by a Galapagos hawk or ferrel cats displays an Interaction within a system.
        
        Producers consume energy in the form of food through plants and other photosynthetic organisms
        
        Consumers gain energy from feeding on producers, other organisms, or their remains
  - - - The basic unit of life being the cell (of an organism)
        
        Prokaryotic
        
        lack nucleus
        
        Lack membrane enclosed organelle
        
        Smaller than eukaryotic
        
        good bacteria/bad bacteria
        
        Eukaryotic
        
        membrane enclosed organelles
        
        reproductive cells, blood cells
        
        Plant cells
        
        cell wall and chloroplast
        
        All cells consist of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
        
        Genetic material contained in chromosomes
        
        Genes in the chromosome provide information to create new cells
        
        Made up of two strands called the double helix
        
        Nucleotides consisting of A, C, T, and G
        Arrange to determine information
        
        Protein Encoded Gene
        
        protein producer
        
        Ribonucleic Acid(RNA)
        
        Cell division
        
        A genome is the complete description of information provided by the chromosomes
        
        Bioinformatics is scientifically using tools to acquire a lot intricate information such as that from DNA
        
        discovered in 1800s
  - - - single celled prokaryotic cells
        
        Extremophiles can survive and adapt to extreme conditions. Ex. bottom of volcanoes
    - - Plantae
      - protists
        
        eukaryotic cells
      - animalia
      - fungi
- - - - collection of information through numbers and exact measurement details
        
        statistics
    - - explanations, descriptions, and observations of collected information
  - - - a proposed question backed by observation and assumptions
        
        follow your hypotheses with an experiment
        
        scientific study under controlled circumstances
        
        gathering and recording data through a process/steps that can be considered a protocol
        
        Results
        
        conclusion
        
        interpreting data
        
        determining and observing if the data and compiled information supports initial hypothesis
        
        summarizing the experiment and what had been learned
        
        final calculations and assumptions to follow quantitive data
        
        Controlled so that you have a variables or subject that can be manipulated and compared especially for further comparison in a potential retrial or recreation of the study
        
        3 main variable or subject in an experiment
        
        Independent variable
        
        Subject in an experiment that remains the same and may alter the outcome of another subject or variable throughout observations. Manipulated variable
        
        Dependent Variable
        
        Subject in an experiment that may or may not change when interacting with independent variable
        
        Controlled variable
        
        Already known factor; subject to analyze and compare to dependent and independent variable interaction/reaction
        
        provided with inductive reasoning