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Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Religon: On page 14 the text states that "The Sumerians worshiped many gods and goddesses." Also I know that each god or goddess for the most part represented different elements. Many people worship these gods and goddesses daily. (Steele 14)
Architecture: On page 24 it said that a Ziggurat is a massive platform made out of bricks. It also says " it represented a mountain stretching from the earth to the heavens. These ziggurats also represented the gods that they believed in. (Steele 24)
Government:: On page 10 it said the regions of each dynasty were recorded on clay tablets known as king lists. Also We know that the kings were expected to be brave military commanders and builders of great cities. Sumerian kings claimed to rule by the will of the gods. (Steele 10)
Art: On page 44 the text states that as Mesopotamia arose "Hunting became more of a ritual." Within Mesopotamia the animals used in the ritual had to be worthy. I also know that farming began to replace hunting. (Steele 44)
Writing: On page 12 it said they used picture symbols to represent different things like castles and fish. Also on page 12 it says that this writing is called cuneiform. Finally on page 12 they were using 700 different symbols and pictographs in their writing. (Steele 12)
Location: On page 6 it said that Mesopotamia is located within the borders or what is today Iraq. Also we know that " two great rivers flow southward through the middle east." Within Mesopotamia, there was cooler mountain range in the north and wetlands in the southeast. ( Steele 6)
Ancient Egypt
Location:On page 8 it said that ancient Egyptians lived on both sides of the Nile river. In the text it said that "desert covers more than 90 percent of Egypt." The year began with the flooding of the Nile, which brought rich silt to the farm land. (Hart 8)
Religon: On page 24 it said that many of their gods that they believed are represented by animals. In the text it said that " each of the 42 different administrative districts had its own god." They also had difficulties with remembering who is who because they believe in hundreds of gods and goddesses. (Hart 24)
Architccture:On page 20 it said "The first pyramid was built as the burial place of king Djoser in c. 2650 BCE..." The pyramid went 6 stages up. It was supposed to represent the stairway for the gods to walk up. (Hart 20)
Government: On page 12 it said that some of the courtiers were relatives of the king. In the text it also said that " When they approach the king they often kissed the ground at his feet." Also the Pharaoh could relax at court during it. (Hart 12)
Art: On page 56 it said "mines between the Nile and the red sea coast yielded large quantities of this precious metal. In the text it also said " Goldsmiths also make patterns using a method called granulation, in which tiny granules of gold were attached to the object." They also imported stones from mines in the trade routes. (Hart 56)
Writing: On page 34 it said that scribes had to be experts in writing hieroglyphs, and elaborate form of picture writing. In the text it said "It was deliberately kept complicated so that not that much people could master it and the scribes kept their special position." Scribes also had to know how to write Greek, the language of overlords. (Hart 34)
Ancient China
Location:On page 38 it says the Yellow River flows through rich soils of its surroundings neighbors. Many cities in southern China were built on networks of canals. Some families live don boats in the canals. (Cotterell 11)
Art: On page 56 it says that the Shang dynasty onward, chinese rulers controlled the supply of raw materials and ran the government factories manned by skilled artisans. Also after the scholars and the peasant farmers, artisans were considered the most important members of society. The last thing is that they produced tools for agriculture and weapons for the army. (Cotterell 56)
Technology: On page 22 it says that in the middle ages many Chinese inventions were carried along the silk road to Europe where some had an enormous impact. Also in this time paper and printing improved communication. And gunpowder changed the way which battles were fought.
(Cotterell 22)
Government: On page 6 it said that China is the oldest civilization because from 221 B.C to A.D 1912, it was united under a single great empire. Also on page 6 it said, Ancient China remained untouched by outside influences because it was a world apart. The civil service established by the first Han emperor helped successive dynasties. (Cotterell 6)
Religion: On page 26 it says throughout history china was the tolerant of religions confucianism, Daoism, and buddhism. The return of a strong government under the Tang emperors. Which led to the decline of buddhism in that area. (Cotterell 26-27)
Writing:On page 11 an example of writing is the oracle bone, which was used by Shang Kings. Individuals would burn the oracle bone, it would crack, and answer questions about their ancestors. These were created from ox bone or tortoiseshells. (Cotterell 11)
Commerce/trade: On page 58 it says that the mongol emperors ruled China from 1279 to 1368 and permitted merchants to trade freely throughout their vast empire. Also on page 58 it said that international trade thrived because caravans could travel without danger. And finally the text said chinese merchants amassed large fortunes by exporting luxury goods like silk and spices. (Cotterell 58)
