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electrons in atoms, arranged in, which are, which are, which is, which is,…
electrons in atoms
evidence for electronic structure
shows that they
comes from successive ionisation energies, which show big jumps when electrons are removed from inner shells.
ionisation energy, IE
when
the energy needed to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
first ionisation energy
the energy required to remove the outermost electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
successive ionisation energies
the series of energies needed to remove electrons one after another from the same atom until only the nucleus is left.
factors that influence ionisation energy
definition
influenced by nuclear charge, distance of outer electrons from the nucleus, shielding by inner shells, and spin-pair repulsion
shielding
the reduction of the nucleus’s attractive force on outer electrons caused by repulsion from electrons in inner shells.
interpreting successive ionisation
definition
means to analyse the pattern of ionisation energies to deduce how electrons are arranged in shells, based on where big jumps in energy occur.
simple electronic structure
energy levels
the fixed shells around an atom’s nucleus where electrons are arranged according to their energy.
electronic configuration
the arrangement of electrons in an atom, showing how they are distributed across shells, sub-shells, and orbitals.
defined as
(a.k.a simple electronic configuration) is the arrangement of electrons in an atom in energy levels (shells) around the nucleus.
electronic configurations
orbitals in the periodic table
spin-pair repulsion
the extra repulsion between two electrons in the same orbital because they have the same negative charge, which makes it easier to remove one of them.
free radical
a species (atom or group of atoms) that has one or more unpaired electrons.
arrangements of element in the periodic table
arranged in order of increasing atomic number, so that those with similar electronic configurations and properties appear in the same groups (columns).
electronic configuration on ions
definition
the arrangement of electrons after atoms gain or lose electrons, with cations losing outer electrons and anions gaining extra electrons.
representing electronic configurations
sub-shells and atomic orbitals
quantum sub-shells
sub-shells
divisions within a main energy shell, labelled s, p, d, and f, that hold different numbers of electrons (s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, f = 14)
atomic orbitals
shapes of the orbitals
s orbitals are spherical, p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped along the x, y, and z axes, and d orbitals have more complex cloverleaf-like shapes.
filling the shells and orbitals
knowing the filling of shells and orbitals follows the
definiton
a region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding one or two electrons.
periodic patterns of atomic and ionic radii
atomic radius
the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electrons of an atom.
ionic radius
the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electrons of an ion, which changes depending on whether the atom has lost or gained electrons.
patterns in ionisation energies in the periodic table
patterns across a period
the atomic radius decreases and the first ionisation energy increases, because nuclear charge increases while shielding stays nearly the same.
patterns down a group
the atomic radius increases and the first ionisation energy decreases, because electrons are added to higher shells further from the nucleus and shielding increases.
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