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Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Location: An example is Mesopotamia was located in between two rivers. Also, I know that "most of ancient Mesopotamia lay within the borders of modern Iraq." During antiquity the soil around the rivers was very fertile. (Steele 6)
Religion: An example of religion in Ancient mesopotamia was their polytheism. polytheism is a form of religion where people believe more than one god/goddess. Aslo, some of the most known goddess are sin / nanna, moon god. who the mesopotamia believed owned cows who were the stars in the night sky.(steele 14)
Architecture:An example is Mesopotamia people made Temples called Ziggurats. Also, I know that they would use the Ziggurats to give the gods and goddesses goods. Lastly, they made the ziggurats out of mud and straw mixed together. (Steele 24)
Government: There were many examples of the government in ancient mesopotamia. one example was in a city-state, where the rulers embraced great power. Also, another example the government in mesopotamia was the assyrian empire. Akkad was located a bit north of sumer. and their most famous emperor was Sargon. Sargon is said to have gained tons of reasoroses and have made trading routes. And arguably reshaping government in the entire world. (steele 10-22 )
Writing: An example is that Mesopotamia used soft clay and wooden sticks to draw on the clay. Also, I know that they let the clay sit out and when the clay dried there was writing. Lastly, they used the clay to put records down for hunting. (Steele 12)
Art: An example is that they would make pots out of clay by the eighth millennium. Also, I know that they invented the potter's wheel,which made pottery productions far more efficient. Lastly, by 3000 BCE, metalworks were mixing tin with the copper to produce the tough alloy called bronze. (Steele 28)
Ancient Egypt
Location: An example is on the banks of the Nile, the river would flood making the land fertile. Also, In the text it says "the farmers went to work sowing barley and emmer wheat." Egyptians had to live by the river because more than 90% of Egypt consists of dessert. (Hart 8
Government: In the text, the author said, "The king was not only the most powerful and important man in Egypt, but he was thought to be a living god." The queen of Egypt could also be seen as a goddess. The queen was also called "Great Royal Wife." (Hart 10)
Religion: In the text, the author mentioned that they worshiped different Gods and Goddesses. It was sometimes difficult to work out who was who. "Each of the 42 different administrative districts had it own, God and there were many others besides. (Hart 24)
Architecture: In the text, the author said, "the first pyramid was built as the burial place of King Djoser in c. 2650 BCE, by his gifted architect Imhotep. The pyramid was supposed to represent a gigantic stairway for the king to climb to join the Sun god in the sky. The largest pyramid of all is the Great Pyramid at Giza, built for King Khufu in c. 2589 BCE. (Hart 20)
Writing: In the text it said "Hieroglyphs were used on state monuments, temples, tombs, and religious papyri. Scribes had to be experts in writing hieroglyphs, which was an elaborate form of picture-writing with about 700 different signs.
For business contracts, letters, and stories, scribes used a different form of writing, called hieratic, which was a faster form of hieroglyphs. (Hart 34)
Art: An example is, in the text it said, "The fertile mud deposited by the annual Nile Flood allowed farmers to grow barley and emmer wheat." There were pigs, sheep, and goats, which could be boiled or roasted. The soil was very good for farmers after the Nile Flood. (Hart 48)
Ancient China
Location: On page 38 it states, that China is between two rivers the Yellow river and the Yangzi river. China has waterways that stretch across the Chinese empire. The yellow river broke its banks and caused a massive flood throughout the years. (Cotterell 38)
Technology: In the text it says, they made paper money, clockwork, silk, porcelain, fireworks, kites , etc. "In the middle ages many Chinese Inventions were carried along the Silk road." They made gunpowder which changed the way they fought in battles. (Cotterell 22
Art:On page 56 it says, that some of the luxury goods are Chinese bronze, jade, silk, lacquer, and porcelain. "From the Shang dynasty onward, Chinese rulers controlled the supply of raw material." The peasant and farmers were considered the important members of the society. (Cotterell 56)
Commerce (Trade): In the text it says that the trading started under the Mongol or Yuan dynasty. Chinese merchants would go along the silk road and trade spices, teas, porcelain, and lacquerware. The Mongols would allow there merchants to go along the silk road freely and the silk road went for Northern Chinese across Asia. (Cotterell 58)
Government: In the text it says, "in 221 B.C. the chinese empire was formed." The first emperor used his people as slaves and made them build the great wall. He built a tomb thinking he would be still high powered in the afterlife. (Cotterell 16)
Writing: On page 11 it said that the people would use an ox bone or a tortoiseshell for the oracle bones. They would scorch the bone, read the cracks, and discover answers. The Shang kings used oracle bones in order to speak with their ancestors. (Cotterell 11)
Religion: An example is, confucius believed that people should be virtuous, morley good, and loyal. confucius believed that family relationship should be governed by mutual respect. "The chinese came to see themselves as part of a greater family that encompassed not only the living but also the dead and unborn."
(Cotterell 12)
Indus River Valley
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Government: The Aryans lived in groups called ganas, which were collections of families ruled by a warrior chief called a raja. One of their biggest influences on modern India was creating the caste system, where people are born into a social class and can't change it. The four main classes were Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (farmers and merchants), and Sudras (servants), plus the Dalits or "Untouchables" who were considered the lowest and weren't even part of the caste system. (https://sites.google.com/mccsc.k12.in.us/history-of-south-asia/home/1500-bc-aryans)
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Religion: The Aryans came from Central Asia around 1500 BC and took over the Indus Valley, bringing their language called Sanskrit with them. We know about them mostly from epic poems like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, and from sacred texts called the Vedas. Their religion, Brahmanism, believed in many gods and later influenced Hinduism, which shares a lot of the same beliefs and rituals. (https://sites.google.com/mccsc.k12.in.us/history-of-south-asia/home/1500-bc-aryans)
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