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Introduction of chemistry, image, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - substances that make up a given object or material, including its fundamental components and how they are combined. It's about "what types of stuff are put together"
        
        Example :
        A water molecule (H₂O) is a composition of matter, as it is always formed from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom chemically bonded together.
    - - Describes how atoms and molecules are arranged in a substance, which determines its physical and chemical properties
        
        Example :
        Though diamond and graphite are both made of pure carbon, the different arrangements of their carbon atoms give them vastly different properties
        
        Graphite has a layered, two-dimensional structure of hexagonal rings
        
        Diamond has a rigid, three-dimensional tetrahedral lattice structure.
    - - How the substance changes its composition during a chemical reaction.
        
        Physical Properties
        
        Characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.
        
        Extensive physical properties
        
        Depends on the amount of substance.
        
        Intensive physical properties
        
        Does not depend on the amount of substance
        
        Example :
        
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        Chemical Properties
        
        Characteristics that describe how matter changes into a new substance with a different chemical composition.. How it reacts to the presence of air, water, acid, etc.
        
        Examples :
        
        Flammability: A substance's ability to burn, as seen when wood turns to ash through combustion.
        
        Oxidation: The reaction of a substance with oxygen, such as when iron rusts.
    - - Chemical Changes
        
        A chemical reaction occurs and ne products are formed
        
        Ex : Burning Wood
      - Physical Changes
        
        Matter changes form but not chemical identity
        
        Ex : Chopping Wood
  - - - Is made up of particles, atoms, molecules, or ions
      - Can be elements, compounds, or mixtures
        
        Pure substance
        
        Chemical compound
        
        Element
        
        Mixture
        
        Homogeneous mixture
        
        Heterogeneous Mixture
      - Can be solid, liquid, or gas
- - - - Element
        
        a substance made from only one type of atom
        
        Atoms
        
        Pure metal and Noble gases
        
        Number of atoms to make a stable molecular form
        
        Diatomic
        
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        Monoatomic
        
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        Molecule
        
        Two or more atoms chemically joined together
        
        Classifications
        
        Metals
        
        Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electric current.
        
        Generally metals are solids at room temperature, except for
        mercury (Hg), Gallium (Ga)
        
        Lead (Pb)
        
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        Non- Metals
        
        In general are opposite to those of metals.
        
        nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electric current. Carbon, in the form of graphite, is an exception to this rule
        
        Some are noble gases. the
        properties are colorless and unreactive gases
        
        greater variation in physical properties than metals
        
        Most are gases at room temperature
        
        few are solids such as sulfur and phosphorus.
        
        Sulfur
        
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        Metalloids
        
        Generally has properties that are similar to those of
        metals and nonmetals.
        
        Ex : silicon a poor conductor of electric current but a if its mixed with boron its a good conductor of electric current
        
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      - Compound
        
        Substance that contains 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
        
        Ion
        
        Metal atom (group 1,2 ,13 release electron)
        
        Non metal atom (group 15,16,17 receive electrons)
        
        Molecule
        
        Two or more different atoms chemically joined together
  - - - Homogeneous mixture
        
        one whose composition is the
        same throughout.
        
        Ex : Stainless steel a homogeneous mixture of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)
      - Heterogenous mixture
        
        is not uniform, but varies
        throughout.
        
        Colloid
        
        particles that are larger than those in a solution but smaller than those in a suspension, typically ranging from 1 to 1000 nanometers. The particles are spread, or dispersed, throughout the dispersion medium, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
        
        Ex : Mayonnaise: An emulsion of oil dispersed in water, stabilized by an emulsifying agent
        
        Suspension
        
        solid particles are dispersed in a fluid (a liquid or a gas), but they do not dissolve. The dispersed solid particles are large enough to be visible to the naked eye
        
        Ex : Sand and water: The sand particles do not dissolve and will sink to the bottom.
- - - - Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is highly toxic
        Constituent element:
        
        Carbon (C)
        Properties: Carbon is a non-metallic solid at room temperature. It exists in many forms
        Hazard symbols: Flame
        
        Constituent element: Oxygen (O)
        Properties: Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for human respiration. It is not flammable itself, but is a powerful oxidizer.
        Hazard symbols: Flame over cricle
        
        Flammable : Flammable, forming explosive mixtures with air.
        
        Acute Toxicity: Highly poisonous. When inhaled, it displaces oxygen in the blood
        
        Aspiration hazard : Causes damage to organs (Central Nervous System) through prolonged or repeated exposure, it may damage reproductive organs
- - - - Name the cation first, followed by the name of the anion
        
        A monoatomic cation (metal) is just given the name of the element
        
        A monoatomic anion (nonmetal), add “-ide” to the element name
      - Ex : 1. Sodium chloride
        
        Metal group : Sodium
        
        Cation : Na+
        
        Non metal group : Chlorine
        
        Anion : Cl−
        -How : 1Na+ + 1Cl−
        charge = 1(+1) 1(-1) =0
        = +1-1 =0
        
        Chemical formula : NaCl
      - Ex : 2. Magnesium
        Chloride
        
        Metal group : Magnesium
        
        Cation : Mg2+
        
        Non metal group : Chlorine
        
        Anion : Cl−
        -How : 1Mg2+ + 2 Cl−
        charge = 1(+2) 2(-1)
        =0 = +2-2 =0
        
        Chemical formula : MgCl2
      - Ex : 3. Potassium iodide
        
        Metal group : Potassium
        
        Cation : K+
        
        Non metal group : iodine
        
        Anion : I−
        -How : 1 K+ + 1 I−
        charge = 1(+1) 1(-1)
        = +1-1 =0
        
        Chemical formula : KI
    - - Name the cation first, followed by the name of the anion
      - Most of the transition metals can form two or more cations with different charges.
      - The charge of the metal ion is specified by a Roman numeral after the name of the metal.
      - A compound with polyatomic ion, will have a name that ends with -ate
        or -ite.
      - A monoatomic anion (nonmetal), add “-ide” to the element name
      - Examples
        
        Ex : 2. Copper(II)
        Chloride
        
        Metal group : Copper
        
        Cation : Cu2+
        
        Non metal group : Chlorine
        
        Anion : Cl−
        -How : 1Cu2+ + 2Cl−
        charge = 1(+2) 2(-1) =0
        = +2-2 =0
        
        Chemical formula : CuCl2
        
        Ex : 3. Silver Bromide
        
        Metal group : Silver
        
        Cation : Ag+
        
        Non metal group : Bromine
        
        Anion : Br−
        -How : 1Ag+ + 1Br-
        charge = 1(+1) 1(-1) =0
        = +1-1 =0
        
        Chemical formula : AgBr
        
        Not all transition metals use roman numerals like silver, aluminum, zinc, and cadmium
        
        Ex : 1. Iron(III) Oxide
        
        Metal group : Iron
        
        Cation : Fe3+
        
        Non metal group : Oxygen
        
        Anion : O2−
        -How : 2Fe3+ + 3 O2−
        2Fe3+ + 3 O2−
        = +6-6 =0 (neutral)
        
        Chemical formula : Fe2O3
- - - - Sun
      - Lightning strikes,
      - Fire
      - Plasma television screens
    - - Volume
        
        Indefinite (expands
        to fill container)
      - Shape
        
        Indefinite (takes
        shape of container
      - Particle Arrangement
        
        Ionized atoms and free electrons, random
      - Particle Motion
        
        Highly energetic, chaotic, charged particles