Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Electrons in atoms, divided into;, there's;, its for, have, is, has,…

- - - - formed by electron removal
      - electrons removed from outer sub-shell first
      - d-block elements: 4s electrons lost before 3d
    - - formed by electro gain
      - fill outer shells to complete
  - - - p: 3 orbitals
      - d: 5 orbitals
      - s: one orbital
    - - s orbital: spherical
      - p orbital: hourglass (two lobes, px, py, and pz)
      - d orbital: more complex (e.g., dz2)
    - - lowest energy sub-shell first (1s, then 2s, etc.)
      - electrons added one by one
      - spin-pair repulsion(occupy separate orbitals first)
    - - represented by one direction
      - paired electrons have opposite spins
  - - - p: 6 electrons
      - s: 2 electrons
      - d: 10 electrons
  - - - shell 2: up to 8
      - shell 3: up to 18
      - shell 1: up to 2
      - shell 4: up to 32
- - - - greater distance, weaker attraction
      - Lower IE
    - - inner shells repel outer electrons
      - outer electron feel less nuclear charge
      - greater shielding, Lower IE
    - - greater attraction, higher IE
      - increased atomic number, increased positive charge
    - - makes electron easier to remove
      - decrease IE1
      - electrons in same orbital repel more
  - - - increased distance from nucleus
      - increased shielding by inner shells
      - outer electron in higher principal quantum level
      - outweighs increased nuclear charge
    - - distance & shielding relatively constant
      - exceptions: Al < Mg (2p vs 2s), O < N (spin-pair repulsion)
      - nuclear charge increase
- - - - More electron shells
      - increased shielding (more important than nuclear charge)
    - - electrons in same outer shells
      - shielding doesn't change significantly
      - increased nuclear charge
      - greater attraction pulls electron closer
  - - - more electron shell
      - increased shielding
    - - increased nuclear charge
      - shielding approximately same