Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - p+q=1, p2+2pq+q2
        
        What does each variable mean
        
        p= frequency(percentage) of the dominant allele
        
        q=frequency of recessive allele
        
        p2=frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
        
        2pq= frequency of heterozygous individuals
        
        q2=frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
        
        What are the assumptions?
        
        No mutations occur
        
        No gene flow in the population
        
        Population must be very large
        
        Mating must be random
        
        Natural selection is not changing the population
        
        Allele is not sex linked
    - - Determining percentage homozygous dominant, homozygous reccesive, and heterpzygous
      - Determining how much of a certain population carries a specific mutation
      - Determining hereditary disorders
  - - - Theory that nature decides all in that the environment determines desirable traits in that the fittest traits survive more
    - - Transfer of alleles into and out of population due to fertility and gametes
    - - Unpredictable Effects that alter allele frequencies in populations?
        
        Founder Effect
        
        When individuals of certain population break off and develop their own population developing a different gene pool that the original
        
        Bottleneck Effect
        
        A catastrophic or sudden event that causes a severe drop in population allowing some alleles to be overrepresented, underepresented, or even absent, causing decreased genetic variation while regaining original size.
      - What is the Impact?
        
        Loss of variation
        
        Rise of convergence
        
        Lead to fixation of alleles
      - What is the Effects?
        
        Genetic drift is significant in small populations
        
        Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random
        
        Genetic drift can result to a loss of genetic variation within populations
        
        Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles become fixed
  - - - Due to relative fitness why can't natural selection create "perfect" organisms?
        
        Selection only acts on existing variants
        
        Evolution is limited on historical constraints
        
        Adaptations are often compromises
        
        Chance, natural selection, and environment interact
    - - Directional: Conditions favor one extreme of phenotypic range resulting in an overall shift of population, moves left or right from original position
      - Disruptive: Conditions favor both extremes of phenotypic range causing 2 humps or a shape of an "m" on the graph
      - Stabilizing: Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants, condenses more into a steep mountain resulting in less deviation
    - - Sexual dimorphism: difference into secondary characteristics between female and males of same species
      - Intersexual Selection: Individuals of one sex prefer selecting their mates of opposite sex
      - Intrasexual selection: Individuals of one sex compete for mating of the opposite sex
- - - - Gave him credibility to individuals who believed Darwin wasn't' suitable to educating the human population
    - - Showed how religious values were greatly emphasized into human understanding of the world
    - - During his voyage went to Galapagos island and viewed finches and theorized that Galapagos had been colonized by organisms that strayed from South America and then diversified giving rise to new species
  - - - Who Influenced Darwin?
        
        Aristotle: Believed in scale of nature each life is perfect and permanent
        
        Linnaeus: Developed binomial nomenclature: genus+species
        
        Hutton: Proposed earth's geological features were caused by gradual mechanisms
        
        Malthus: Economist who preposed human suffering resulted from population growth and lack of resources to keep up
        
        Lamarck: Use and disuse organisms can pass useful features to offspring, thought organisms desired complexity
        
        Cuvier: believed fossils between state showed extinction not evolution
        
        Lyell: Proposed that same geological events that shaped earth's past continued to shape it now and in the future
      - How did the World Influence Darwin?
        
        The thought of Pangea: that the world was all one big continent but over time separated into several landmasses
      - Why did people disagree with his theories?
        
        They believed in spiritual and religious belief and believed god created the world and disagreed with scientific theory.
  - - - Members of population vary in traits: VARIATION
      - All offspring can produce offspring that the environment is unable to support
    - - Individuals with inherited traits tend to have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than other organisms
      - Unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to accumulation of favorable traits in population
    - - MRSA in that certain bacterium samples were starting to be resistant to treatment and medication techniques
    - - The study that several organisms shared a common ancestor but over time at the same time sharing similar bone structure they developed different functions
    - - The study that several organisms all though not sharing a common ancestor and living in different places of the world developed similar functions
    - - Many organisms from fossils although exist shared a common ancestor and introduced vestigial structures: structures which in the past served a purpose but in the present have no function