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Oxygen Demand, chemo = chemical, surround, most (85%) CO2 gas carried by…

- - - - alveoli
        
        lung capillary
        
        GAS EXCHANGE
        
        gas exchange membrane - epithelial cells = alveolus and capillary together
        
        area of contact between internal alveoli and external capillary
        
        oxygen levels high (in lungs and surrounding blood vessels) - haemoglobin bind too many oxygen molecules (saturates)
        
        oxygen will diffuse into body cells from capillary
        
        passive diffusion (conc. gradient) from high oxygen levels to low from alveoli --> blood (haemoglobin) --> body cells
        
        CO2 body cells (high conc.) --> blood --> alveoli
  - - - Plasma: dissolved CO2
      - CO2 difussal into RBC
        
        from respiring cell
        
        Cellular Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat
        
        enzyme: carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 + H2O --> carbonic acid (H2CO3)
        
        broken into HCO3-
        
        H+ released will be picked up by haemoglobin to prevent acidification
        
        balance charges: chloride shift - Cl- ions move into RBC
      - carbaminohaemoglobin (10% - 20%): CO2 direct binding to haemoglobin
    - - oxygen binds to haemoglobin
      - Plasma: 3% dissolved oxygen
  - - - reversible: oxygen levels are high in lungs haemoglobin will pick up oxygen | low oxygen levels in body tissues = release oxygen
      - travels through bloodstream
        
        transfer into myoglobin
        
        "chemically similar"
        
        greater affinity for oxygen storing molecule
        
        oxygen can be taken from store in periods of high intensity exercise
        
        muscles
        
        retain
    - - due to oxygen inability to dissolve into blood easily
- - - - less CO2 conversion to H+
        
        peripheral chemoreceptors
        
        aorta
        
        carotid arteries
        
        stretch receptors
        
        bronchioles & bronchi
      - control centre: BRAINSTEM
        
        respiratory centre
        
        diaphragm effector
        
        response faster & stronger contractions
        
        breathing rate increases (more oxygen into bloodstream)
        
        HOMEOSTASIS: normal oxygen levels return
        
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        intercostal muscles effector
        
        cardiovascular centre
        
        blood vessels effector
        
        response prioritises vital organ blood flow
        
        heart muscle effector
        
        response beats faster
        
        oxygenated blood transported to body
        
        intrinsic rhythm (influences by cardiovascular centre)
        
        medulla oblongatta
      - sensory receptors
        
        aorta
        
        carotid arteries
        
        blood pressure and chemistry information
        
        vena cava
  - - - control centre: brainstem
        
        cardiovascular & respiratory centres
        
        effectors
        
        heart muscle effector
        
        response beats slower
        
        diaphragm & intercostal effector
        
        response slower & weaker contractions
        
        blood vessels effector
        
        response dilation
      - receptors