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Blood Glucose Levels - 3.9mmol/L - 5.6mmol/L OPTIMUM, physiological…

- - - - glucagon
        
        hypoglycemia
        
        "glucagon receptors" - binding liver cell
      - insulin
        
        peptide hormone | "surface-bound protein kinase receptors" - detect surface impulses (signals), promote cell activity (adding phosphate groups from ATP to protein
        
        cellular uptake of glucose
        
        2 insulin bind to "extracurricular domain" of insulin receptor - not internal environment
        
        intracellularly - phosphate groups added to insulin receptor (autophosphorylation)
        
        phosphate addition process = signal cascade - other proteins phosphorylated in sequence
        
        1 more item...
        
        process
        
        hyperglycemia
    - - secretion of hormones
        
        directly into bloodstream rather than ducts or tubes
        
        target cells: cells that recognise hormones and formulate responses
        
        hormones interact with target cell - receptor (plasma membrane) recognises & binds
        
        response
    - - hormonal (another hormone)
      - humoral (blood)
      - neural (nervous)
- - - - stimulation of beta cells
        
        Secretion of Insulin into bloodstream
        
        binds to insulin receptors in "target cells" (liver, fat, muscle)
        
        liver performs glycogenesis | fat prompts glucose to fat conversion | muscle cellular respiration increase RESPONSE
        
        glycogenesis: excess glucose conversion to glycogen - stored in liver & muscle
        
        .
        
        HOMEOSTASIS: return to normal blood glucose levels
      - type 1 diabetes: disfunction of beta cells (insulin resistance)
  - - - Cellular Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + (Heat)
    - - stimulation of alpha cells
        
        Secretion of Glucagon into bloodstream
        
        binds to glucagon receptors in target liver cells
        
        liver performs glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis RESPONSE
        
        glycogenolysis: stored glycogen conversion to glucose - into bloodstream
        
        gluconeogenesis: glucose production from "non-carbohydrate" sources
        
        adaptation to stress - starvation, fasting, extensive exercise
        
        adrenaline & glucocorticoid hormone stimulation
      - type 2 diabetes: disfunction of alpha cells