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Osmoregulation, References: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - COMMON WAYS TO BECOME DEHYDRATED: 1 intestinal infection = diarrhoea 2: inadequate access to fluids (not drinking enough) 3:excessive vomiting 4: excessive sweating
      - TOO MUCH WATER = HYPONATREMIA
        
        excessive water intake = nausea, confusion, coma, lacking reflex activity
        
        water intake without electrolytes = dilution - increase in total body water relative to the total amount of exchangeable sodium. osmotic shift of water from plasma into cells - causes cells to swell
- - - - brain & kidneys work together
- - - - effector and response: pituitary gland releases hormone Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) into blood
        
        ADH travels to kidneys - kidneys are the effectors
        
        dehydration = high ADH - causes kidney tubules to be more permeable to water = more water to be reabsorbed from the urine into blood = more concentrated urine and reducing water loss
        
        overhydration = low ADH - blood is too dilute = hypothalamus stops the release of ADH = kidney tubules become less permeable = less water absorption = large volume of diluted urine = excreted excess water
        
        once returned to normal osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stop signalling = loop shut off
        
        normal blood osmolarity = 275 to 295 mOsm/kg