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Year 11 Bio, 1 µm = 1000 nm - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Singular
      - Bacteria
      - DNA free floats
      - no nucleus
      - no membrane bound orgnanelles
    - - Complex
      - DNA in nucleus
      - Can be singular
      - Membrane bound organelles
    - - Light
        
        used for examining cellular structures
        
        0.2 µm
      - transmission
        
        18 μm for large images
        
        meant for ultrathin samples
        
        as small as 0.2 nanometres
      - Scanning
        
        scans the surface with a focused beam of electrons
        
        generate digital images
  - - - modifies protein
    - - make protein
    - - contain DNA
    - - power house (makes energy
      - Nutri Grain
      - aerobic respiration
    - - only in plant cells
      - allow for photosynthesis
    - - waste unit
    - - protection
      - only in plant cells
    - - allows for things to go in and out of the cell
      - Phospholipids
        
        Phosphate head (hydrophilic/loves water)
        
        Fatty acid tail (hydrophobic/hates water)
  - - - Passive/no energy
        
        Osmosis
        
        diffusion of water
        
        Diffusion
        
        molecules move from high to low concentration
      - Active transport
        
        protein pumps, gated channels
  - - - Phagocytosis (cell eating)
        
        engulfs large particles like bacteria
      - Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
        
        takes in extracellular fluid and dissolved substances
      - Receptor-mediated endocytosis
        
        targets specific molecules that bind to receptors on the cell surface
      - Essential for
        
        Nutrient uptake
        
        Immune defense
        
        Cell signaling
    - - Important because
        
        removes waste
        
        releases hormones and neurotransmitters
        
        Helps build and repair the cell membrane
        
        Enables communication between cells
      - Types
        
        Constitutive
        
        continuous release of substances
        
        Regulated
        
        triggered by signals like calcium ions
        
        lysosome-mediated
        
        involves breakdown and recycling of cellular components
  - - - pH
        
        Denatures enzymes
        
        active site will no longer function
      - Temperature
        
        enzyme will denature after optimum temperature
        
        active site will no longer fit substrate
      - Substrate concentration
        
        more substrate = more enzyme reaction until active sites are fully saturated
      - enzyme concentration