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Psychological Foundation of Curriculum - Coggle Diagram
Psychological Foundation of Curriculum
Association and Behaviorism
Proponents, their Contributions/Theories and Principles
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
the father of classical conditioning theory, the Stimulus-Response theory.
proposed that the learning in early years of life is training learners what we want them to become.
His stimulus-response theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
championed the connectionism theory.
proposed the three laws of learning.
Law of Exercise
Law of Effect
Law of Readiness
proposed that specific stimulus has specific response.
Robert Gagne (1916-2002)
proposed the hierarchical learning theory, claiming that learning follows a hierarchy.
Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions.
introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.
Humanistic Psychology
Proponents, their Contributions/Theories and Principles
Gestalt
Gestalt's Theory
Learning is explained in terms of "wholeness" of the problem.
Human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of stimuli.
developed keys to learning:
ii. Learners analyze the problem, discriminate between essential and nonessential data, and perceive relationships.
i. Learning is complex and abstract.
iii. Learners will perceive something in relation to the whole. What/how they perceive is related to their previous experiences.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
advanced Self-Actualization Theory.
Classic theory of human needs
A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of the world.
He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust.
developed key to learning:
Produce a healthy and happy learner who can accomplish, grow and actualize his or her human self.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
proposed nondirective and therapeutic learning
He established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.
Children's perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influence their learning and behavior in class.
key to learning:
Curriculum is concerned with process, not product; personal needs, not subject matter, psychological meaning, not cognitive scores.
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
Proponents, their Contributions/Theories and Principles
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
developed Cognitive development theory, with stages from birth to maturity.
Formal operations stage (11-onwards)
Concrete operations stage (7-11)
Preoperational stage (2-7)
Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
proposed keys to learning.
i. Assimilation - incorporation of new experience.
ii. Accommodation - learning modification and adaptation.
iii. Equilibration - balance between previous and later learning
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
proposed theories which are:
Cultural transmission and development stage.
Children could, as a result of their interaction with society, actually perform certain cognitive actions prior to arriving at developmental stage.
Learning precedes development.
Sociocultural development theory
also proposed keys to learning:
pedagogy as a creator of learning processes that lead to development.
child as an active agent in his or her educational process.
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences Theory
Humans have several different ways of processing information, and these ways are relatively independent of one another.
8 Intelligences
Linguistic Intelligence
Logico-Mathematical Intelligence
Musical Intelligence
Spatial Intelligence
Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Naturalistic Intelligence
Daniel Goleman
developed Emotional Quotient.
proposing that emotions contain the power to affect actions.