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PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM - Coggle Diagram
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM
Association and Behaviorism
Edward Thorndike
(1874 - 1949)
THEORY
:
Connectionism theory
Law of excercise
Law of effect
Law of readiness
KEY TO LEARNING
: Learning is most effective when learners are prepared to learn, when skills are practiced through repetition, and when responses followed by satisfaction are strengthened while those followed by annoyance are weakened.
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was a professor emeritus of physics at the University of Rochester whose research helped shape an understanding of the foundations of all matter in the
universe.
Robert Gagne
(1916 - 2002)
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was an American education psychologist who focused his research in explaining and simplifying what he and others considered ‘good
instruction.’
KEY TO LEARNING
: - Learning follows a hierarchy and behavior is based on pre-requisite conditions. -Tasking is the formulation of objectives.
THEORY
:
Hierarchy learning theory
Verbal association
Nine Events of Instruction
Presenting the stimulus
Providing learning guidance
Stimulating recall of prior learning
Eliciting performance
Informing learners of the objective
Providing feedback
Gaining attention
Assessing performance
Enhancing retention and transfer
Discrimination learning
Chain learning
Rule learning
Rule learning
Problem solving
Stimulus-response learning
Signal learning
Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was a Russian psychologist who is known for creating the classical conditioning theory.
THEORY
:
The S-R (Stimulus-Response) theory
- is an unconscious process where an automatic, conditioned response becomes associated with a specific
stimulus.
During conditioning
: Unconditioned stimulus + Neutral stimulus = Unconditioned response
Before conditioning
: Unconditioned stimulus = Unconditioned response; Neutral Stimulus = No conditioned response
After conditioning
: Conditioned stimulus = Conditioned response
KEY TO LEARNING
: In shaping the learners, they must be trained in the early years of life.
Cognitive and Information Processing Theory
Howard Garner
THEORY
:
Multiple Intelligences
Bodily–Kinesthetic intelligence
Musical intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
Logical–mathematical intelligence
Naturalist intelligence
Linguistic
intelligence
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He is an American psychologist whose early works are focused in psychology and later in human cognition and human potential led to his development of the initial six
intelligences.
KEY TO LEARNING
: Curriculum must adhere to the learners' different ways of processing information, which are relatively independent of one another, to make learning meaningful.
Lev Vygotsky
(1896 - 1934)
KEY TO LEARNING
:
Pedagogy is a must in learning as it shapes the learners' experiences, with the learners actively engaged in the learning process, which eventually led to development,
THEORY
: Social Development theory
Zone of Proximal Development
More Knowledgable Others
What a learner can do with guidance
What a learner cannot do
What a learner can do unaided
Scaffolding
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was a Russian psychologist whose works are focused particularly on how social and cultural factors fuel cognitive
development.
Jean Piaget
(1896 - 1980)
THEORY
:
Cognitive Development
Preoperational
(2 to 7 years): Symbolic thought
Concrete operational
(7 to 11 years): Logical thought
Sensorimotor
(Birth to 18-24 months): Object
permanence
Formal operational
(11 - onwards): Scientific reasoning
KEYS TO LEARNING
Assimilation
: incorporation of new experience
Accommodation
: learning modification and adaptation
Equilibration:
balance between previous and later learning
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was a Swiss psychologist and was the first to make a systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in
children.
Daniel Goleman
THEORY
:
Emotional Intelligence/ Quotient
Motivation
Empathy
Self-Regulation
Social Skills
Self
Awareness
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He is an American psychologist whom for many years reported on the brain and behavioral
sciences.
KEY TO LEARNING
: In understanding the self and in learning, emotions must be cultivated as it contains the power to affect action.
Humanistic Psychology
Abraham Maslow
(1908 - 1970)
THEORIES
Self-Actualization Theory
Classic theory of human needs
Love and belongingness
Safety needs
Esteem needs
Physiological needs
Self-actualization
KEY TO LEARNING
: Learners must be healthy and happy to accomplish, grow and actualize their own selves.
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was an American psychologist who believed that a child whose basic needs are not met will not be motivated to learn.
Carl Rogers
(1902 - 1987)
THEORY
:
Nondirective and therapeutic learning
It is a type of psychotherapy based on the belief that people are naturally driven to attain positive mental
well-being.
It is the learners who control their own learning (individualistic).
KEYS TO LEARNING
: Curriculum must center on learning processes, personal needs, and meaningful understanding over product, subject matter, or cognitive scores as it affects the learning and behavior of the learners.
ABOUT THE THEORIST
: He was an American psychologist who established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.
Gestalt
ABOUT THE THEORY
It is a way of thinking that looks at how the brain understands experiences—emphasizing that we perceive things as a whole rather than individual
parts.
It suggests that human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of stimuli.
Law of
Similarity
Law of Closure
Law of Proximity
Law of Continuity
Law of Common Region
KEYS TO LEARNING
Learning is abstract and complex; therefore, learners need to analyze problems, discriminate between essential and nonessential data, and perceive relationships.
Learners perceive something in relation to the whole. What/how they perceive is related to their previous experiences.
