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Chapter 18 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Observation 1
        
        heritable variation exists in most species
      - Observation 2
        
        more offspring are produced than can survive, most die before reaching sexual maturity because there is competition for resources
      - Inference 1
        
        unequal reproductive success among individuals
      - Inference 2
        
        those heritable, favorable traits accumulate over a long amount of time, matching the species to its environment
        
        different environments=different adaptation
  - - - diversity and unity of life
      - form and functions
      - can predict outcome of environmental change
    - - How variation arises
      - How inheritance works
      - Origin of Life
      - Why variation still exists
      - "Sudden" changes in the fossil record
      - Source of totally "new" characters
  - - - Soapberry bugs adapt to new food source
        
        native baloon vine fruit has deep seeds so bug needs longer beak length
        
        nonnative raintree fruit seeds not as deep so shorter beak length is needed
    - - many extinct speces
        
        no trilobites (marine arthropod) exist today
        
        no non-avian dinosaurs exist today
      - transition of adaptive form over time
    - - forms related by common ancestry
      - developmental homologies
      - Caused by divergent evolution
    - - remnants of ancestral (homologous) structures with no present adaptive function
        
        blind cave salamanders have eyes
    - - unrelated species have similar adaptations (analogous)
        
        torpedo shape in marine animals
        
        white coat of arctic animals
        
        insect and bird wing
    - - distribution of species corresponds to geographic history
        
        marine iguana vs tree dwelling iguana
        
        isolated Australian marsupials
    - - DNA analysis supports evolution
      - closely related organisms have similar DNA
      - Similar DNA sequences are the strongest evidence for
        evolution from a common ancestor
      - cellular and molecular homologies
        
        similarity of cell structures, proteins, and DNA
        
        corresponds to relatedness
        
        Species with the more similar proteins, DNA, cellular
        components are more closely related to each other
        
        the genetic code is universal
- - - - Aristotle
        
        fixed ideal species
        
        scala naturae
  - - - Spiritual and philosophical traditions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese Philosophy, and Islamic thoughts contributed diverse understandings of life
  - - - Linnaeus
        
        taxonomic classification system
        
        binomial nomenclature
      - James Hutton
        
        geologist
        
        gradualism
        
        slow, continuous process
        
        explains geological features
      - Charles Lyell
        
        Father of Modern Geology
        
        uniformitarianism
        
        same geological processes in the past as today at the same rate
        
        earth is REALLY old
      - Lamarck
        
        linked evolution to adaptation
        
        extinct species have been replaced by descendants with new features
        
        these adaptations held them to survive in their environment
        
        use and disuse
        
        inheritance of acquired characteristics
        
        Lamarckism
        
        WRONG!!
- - - - based on physical similarities and differences
        
        asexual and sexual animals
        
        white oak tree
        
        eastern and western meadowlark
        
        looks may be deceiving: same species can look different
    - - defined by ecological niche
        
        ecolgical niche=the sum of how members of a species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment
        
        includes an organism's specific role and position in its environment
        
        habitat, food source, etc
      - bacteria that utilize different food sources
    - - determined by evolutionary ancestry and genetic data
        
        the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor
    - - emphasized reproductive isolation
      - WHAT WE USE
      - set of populations whose members potentially interbred in nature to produce fertile, viable young and DO NOT interbreed with other such groups
      - limitations
        
        cannot be applied to species that reproduce asexually
  - - - share the same gene pool and there is gene flow between two populations
        
        gene flow: a collection of all the variants of genes in a species AKA all alleles
    - - reproductively isolated from other species
        
        by natural biological barriers
        
        prezygotic
        
        habitat (ecological) isolation
        
        mouse in forest vs mouse in field
        
        don't meet don't mate
        
        temporal isolation
        
        different mating seasons
        
        behavioral isolation
        
        different mating calls/rituals
        
        birds with different mating songs
        
        mechanical isolation
        
        reproductive organs don't match
        
        damselfly males from different species have uniquely shaped reproductive organs
        
        gametic isolation
        
        gametes can't fuse
        
        if wrong pollen, pollen tube won't grow to reach egg
        
        species specific binding proteins on the sperm head have to hit specific receptor proteins on the zona pellucida (covering) of the egg
        
        1 more item...
        
        postsygotic
        
        reduced hybrid viability/ hybrid inviability
        
        embryo fails to develop or is weak> won't make it to sexual maturity
        
        salamander hybrid
        
        3 more items...
        
        hybrid breakdown
        
        2nd generation hybrids are weak or sterile
        
        1st gen is strong and fertile
        
        hybrid infertility
        
        hybrid survives but is sterile (or almost so)
        
        horse is 32 chromosomes
        
        1 more item...
        
        donkey is 31 chromosomes
        
        many genes or one gene can be responsible for reproductive isolation
    - - fossil species
        
        hard to predict things based on bones/limited knowledge
      - asexual species
        
        bacteria
        
        can use ecological for bacteria based on food sources