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Sociology - Culture and Identity - Coggle Diagram
Sociology - Culture and Identity
Subcultures of resistance
Values
- seen as good, desirable and worth striving for,
Norms
- guides to behavior, rules on how to behave
Mores
- behaviours completely unacceptable within a culture
these are passed on through socialisation
Paul Willis (1977) - anti-school subcultures in working class lads.
Hall and Jefferson (1976) - considered youth subculture such teddy boys, mods, skinheads and punks as a form of resistance to dominance culture
Folk culture
examples
include traditional folk music, songs, storytelling and fold dances which are passed on from one generation to the next by socialisation.
Dominic Strinarti (1995)
it is created by ordinary people and reflects their lives and experiences.
culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of every day life of ordinary people.
Durkheim (1892) mechanical solidarity. a pre-industrial society
mass culture
The Frankfurt School and Mass culture
Mass culture is a product of industrial societies. An industrialisation took hold, folk culture began to disappear.
Led to mass production of cultural products such as film, tv and music.
the Frankfurt school of sociologists (Marxists) were concerned about the negative effects of mass media on culture.
Marcuse -
mass culture is produced for and marketed to the majority of the population through mass media
. Political function -
distracts the working class from capitalism - they avoids critical thinking which prevents revolution. (this is called false class conscience.)
View of: Marxists
Position of term: Negative
Culture created by: Mass media / Bourgeoisie
Consumed by: The masses
Value: Low
Individual: Passive and unthinking
Purpose: To control and distract the proletariat. Tool used by bourgeoisie.
low culture
View of: Support high culture
Position of term: Insulting / Negative
Culture created by: Majority
Consumed by: The majority
Value: Low, unworthy
Individual: Passive and active. They create it but are unthinking.
Purpose: A culture enjoyed by the majority.
high culture
Seen as something set apart from everyday life, something special to be treated with respect.
Superior to other forms of culture such as popular, mass, low and folk culture.
Associated with middle/high class.
Music, theatre, opera, literature, museums
Post modernists
Post-modernists argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture is weakening. People can now ‘pick and mix’ from either.
Strinati – elements of high culture has become part of popular culture. This means it is now difficult for the elite to claim their culture is superior.
Examples:
V&A museum holds exhibitions feat. Popular culture (Kylie: The exhibition)
Tate modern attracts large numbers of tourists from a range of diverse backgrounds
Live opera and the theatre is available to the masses.
High culture art forms are turned into products.
global culture
Refers to the way cultures in different countries have become more alike, sharing similar products and ways of life. * The outcome of globalisation
Globalisation now undermining national and local cultures. Globalisation: Economic and cultural interconnectedness of the world. (process)
Before: Travelling abroad not common, products we consumed were produced in the UK
Now: Increase in travel, transnational corporations and improved communication technologies means we are living in a global village!
Technology: Thanks to internet and trans-corporations means products are sold across the world; McDonalds, Nike.
Media: People watch the same TV, Films, wear the same designer clothes across the world.
MacDonald (1965)
points out the main differences between
high, folk and mass culture:
Folk culture is authentic, mass culture is plastic and
superficial.
High culture is long-established but mass culture is short-lived
and unworthy.
Folk culture created by ordinary people, mass culture is only
consumed by them.
The audience of mass culture are passive members of society.
Popular culture
View of: Postmodernists
Position of term: Neutral / positive
Culture created by: People
Consumed by: The majority
Value: Irrelevant. People enjoy it!
Individual: Active and creative
Purpose: A culture enjoyed by the majority