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Introduction to Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Introduction to Chemistry
Section 1
Why study chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
The ozone layer
Earth's atmosphere
A substance (aka. a chemical) is matter that has a definite and uniform composition
Ozone formation
Chlorofluorocarbons
CFCs were discovered to be a safer, better alternative for a coolant that would replace ammonia, that can be used in refrigerators and self-containing home air-conditioning units
Section 2
Matter and its characteristics
Mass is a measurement that reflects the amount of matter
Mass and weight
Weight is a measure not only of the amount of matter but also the effect of Earth's gravitational pull on that matter
The weight of an object changes slightly depending on where you are. Gravitational pull decreases with higher altitude because you are moving further away from Earth's center of mass. Therefore, if you measure the weight of something at a higher altitude (or higher up than sea level) it is going to weigh less than if you measured the weight of it at sea level
Structure and observable characteristics
A model is a visual, verbal, or mathematical explanation of experimental data
Branches of chemistry
Organic chemistry
Most carbon-containing chemicals (pharmaceuticals, plastics)
Inorganic chemistry
Matter that does not contain carbon (minerals, metals and nonmetals, semiconductors)
Physical chemistry
The behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes (reaction rates, reaction mechanisms)
Analytical chemistry
Components and composition of substances (food nutrients, quality control)
Biochemistry
Matter and processes of living organisms (metabolism, fermentation)
Environmental chemistry
Matter and the environment (pollution, biochemical cycles)
Industrial chemistry
Chemical processes in industry (paints, coatings)
Polymer chemistry
Polymers and plastics (textiles, coatings, plastics)
Theoretical chemistry
Chemical interactions (many areas of emphasis)
Thermochemistry
Heat involved in chemical processes (heat of reaction)
Chemistry: the central science
A basic understanding of chemistry is central to all sciences (biology, physics, Earth science, ecology, etc)
Section 3
A systematic approach
A scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific study, whether it's chemistry or another science
Observation
Qualitative data: information that describes color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
Quantitative data: tells how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, or some other numerical information
Hypothesis
a hypothesis is a tentative, testable statement or explanation about what has been observed
Experiments
An experiment is a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis
An independent variable is the variable that you change in an experiment
A dependent variable is the variable that changes in response to the independent variable
A control (group) is a standard for comparison
Conclusion
A conclusion is a judgement based on the information obtained
a hypothesis can never be proven. When data supports a hypothesis, this only indicates that the hypothesis might be true
Theory and scientific law
A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon based on many observations and investigations over time
A scientific law is a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments
Section 4
Types of scientific investigation
Pure research is to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself; without an intended purpose
Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific problem
Chance discoveries
Often, a scientist conducts experiments and reaches a conclusion that is far from what was predicted
Students in the laboratory