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((Biology)) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - First Line of Defence
        
        Skin: physical barrier
        
        Mucous membranes: trap pathogens
      - Immune Cells
        
        Phagocytes: engulf & digest pathogens
        
        Lymphocytes: produce antibodies
      - Herd Immunity & Vaccination
        
        Vaccination: dead/weakened pathogen → antibodies
        
        Herd immunity: protects unvaccinated by high coverage
      - Barriers
        
        Physical: skin, mucus, cilia
        
        Chemical: stomach acid, skin oils, enzymes in tears/saliva
      - Smoking & Cilia
        
        Smoking damages cilia
        
        Increased risk of lung infections
    - - Infectious vs Non-infectious
        
        Infectious: caused by pathogens, spread between organisms (e.g. flu, chickenpox)
        
        Non-infectious: not caused by pathogens, not spread (e.g. diabetes, cancer)
      - Types of Pathogens
        
        Bacteria: prokaryotic, no nucleus (e.g. TB)
        
        Viruses: non-cellular, need host (e.g. HIV, flu)
        
        Fungi: eukaryotic, chitin walls (e.g. athlete's foot)
        
        Protists: eukaryotic, parasites (e.g. malaria)
      - Structure & Classification
        
        Bacteria: prokaryotes, reproduce by binary fission
        
        Viruses: protein coat, genetic material
        
        Fungi: nuclei, chitin cell walls
        
        Protists: complex eukaryotes
      - Transmission Methods
        
        Direct contact: touching/infected fluids
        
        Airborne: coughs, sneezes
        
        Vector-borne: via insects (e.g. malaria)
        
        Environmental: contaminated food/water
    - - Key Terms
        
        Antigen: molecule triggering immune response
        
        Antibody: protein binding to antigen
        
        Phagocyte: engulfs pathogens
      - Antibiotic Resistance Experiments
        
        Clear zone around disc = effective
        
        Control disc with no antibiotic ensures validity
        
        Resistance if bacteria still grow near disc
      - Antibiotics
        
        Bacteriostatic: stop growth/reproduction
        
        Bactericidal: kill bacteria
      - Controls
        
        Ensure only tested factor affects results
        
        Example: plain disc in antibiotic tests
    - - Contagious vs Infectious
        
        Infectious: caused by pathogen, spreads between organisms
        
        Contagious: easily spreads by direct contact (e.g. measles)
      - Transmission Methods
        
        Airborne/droplet: sneezing, coughing
        
        Direct contact: touch, fluids
        
        Food/water: contaminated sources
        
        Vector-borne: insects/animals
      - Prevention Strategies
        
        Airborne: masks, ventilation, cover coughs
        
        Direct: handwashing, gloves, safe sex
        
        Food/water: cook properly, clean water
        
        Vector: insect repellent, nets, pest control