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Chemistry of life - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nonpolar (equal share) / Polar (unequal share).
      - Single bond = one pair shared
      - Double bond = two pairs shared
      - Polar covalent bond electrons shared unequally → partial charges (ex: H₂O).
      - Nonpolar covalent bond: electrons shared equally (ex: H₂).
    - - Cation = positively charged (lost electrons).
      - Anion = negatively charged (gained electrons).
      - The attraction between opposite charges holds them together.
      - Ex - Na(+) Cl(-) makes table salt
  - - - Determined by the positions of atom orbitals and bond angles
      - Shape is critical to function in biology.
      - Shape determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to each other.
  - - - Reversible products of the forward reaction can become reactants of the reverse reaction
      - Chemical Equilibrium: reached when forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate → concentrations of reactants and products stay stable.
- - - - Pure substances that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions.
      - About 92 naturally occurring elements.
      - Ex - Oxygen, hydrogen
    - - Made of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio.
      - Ex - Na (metal) + Cl (toxic gas) → NaCl (table salt).
      - Have different characteristics from the elements that form them
    - - Major Elements (96% of living matter)
        
        Carbon (C)
        
        Hydrogen (H)
        
        Oxygen (O)
        
        Nitrogen (N)
        
        Remaining 4% (bulk elements)
        
        Calcium (Ca)
        
        Phosphorus (P) .
        
        Potassium (K) .
        
        Sulfur (S)
      - Trace elements
        
        Iron (Fe)
        
        Iodine (I):
        
        Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu),
  - - - Protons in nucleus, define atomic number. Positive charge
      - Neutrons in nucleus, add mass, affect isotopes. Neutral charge
      - Electrons orbit nucleus in shells, determine chemical behavior. negative charge
    - - Same element, different # of neutrons.
      - This makes them have the same chemical properties but different masses.
      - EX - Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14
    - - Atomic Number: # of protons.
      - Mass Number: protons + neutrons.
      - Atomic Mass: total mass of atom
    - - Electrons have different energy levels based on distance from nucleus
      - Valence electrons (outer shell) control reactivity.
      - Atoms with full valence shells = stable (noble gases).