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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - Coggle Diagram
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Defined by
Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells, mainly in the transitional zone, leading to bladder outlet obstruction and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
management
Conservative / Lifestyle
Fluid management, limit caffeine/alcohol
Bladder training
Medical
α-blockers: tamsulosin, alfuzosin (relieve obstruction)
5α-reductase inhibitors: finasteride, dutasteride (shrink prostate)
Combination therapy
Surgical / Minimally invasive
TURP (Transurethral Resection of Prostate)
Open prostatectomy
Laser therapy, microwave therapy
Etiology / Risk Factors
Aging (most common after 50 years)
Hormonal imbalance (↑ DHT, altered testosterone/estrogen ratio)
Genetic predisposition
Lifestyle factors (obesity, diet, sedentary habits)
Pathogenesis
DHT binds to androgen receptors → stromal & epithelial cell proliferation
Nodular hyperplasia in transitional zone of prostate
Compression of urethra → bladder outlet obstruction
Investigations
Digital rectal exam (DRE): enlarged, smooth, firm prostate
Urinalysis (rule out infection, hematuria)
Serum PSA (to exclude cancer)
Renal function tests
Ultrasound (prostate size, post-void residual urine)
Differential Diagnosis
Prostate cancer
Prostatitis (acute/chronic)
Urethral stricture
Neurogenic bladder
Clinical Features
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)
Storage symptoms: frequency, urgency, nocturia
Voiding symptoms: hesitancy, weak stream, straining, incomplete emptying, dribbling
complications
Acute urinary retention
Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Bladder stones
Hydronephrosis → renal impairment
Prognosis
Good with proper management
Risk of complications if untreated