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electrons in atoms, consist of, which are, consist of, which are, consist…

- - - - shell 1: up to 2
      - shell 2: up to 8
      - shell 3: up to 18
      - shell 4: up to 32
  - - - s: 2 electrons
      - p: 6 electrons
      - d: 10 electrons
  - - - s: one orbital
      - p: three orbitals
      - d: five orbitals
    - - s orbital: spherical
      - p orbital: hourglass (two lobes, px, py, pz
      - d orbital: more complex (e.g dz2)
    - - lowest energy sub shell first (1s, 2s, etc.)
      - electrons added one by one
      - spin pair repulsion (occupy separate orbitals first)
    - - represented by arrow direction
      - paired electrons have opposite spins
  - - - formed by electron removal,
        electrons removed from outer shub shell first,
        d-block elements: 4s electrons lost before 3d.
    - - formed by electron gaim,
        fill outer shells to complete.
- - - - increased atomic number, increased positive charge
      - greater attraction, higher IE
    - - greater distance, weaker attraction
      - lower IE
    - - inner shells repel outer electrons
      - outer electrons feel less nuclear charge
      - greater shielding, lower IE
    - - electrons in the same orbital repel more
      - makes electron easier to remove
      - decreases IE1
- - - - more electron shells
      - increased shielding (more important than nuclear charge)