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Chapter 1- Evolutions, The Themes of Biology, & Scientific Inquiry -…
Chapter 1- Evolutions, The Themes of Biology, & Scientific Inquiry
5 Unifying Themes
Organization
Levels of Organization, largest to smallest:
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cells, organelles, molecules
cells
Prokaryotic
small
no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus)
primitive + simple
Domains: Archaea + (Eu)Bacteria
Archaea: extremophiles (live in extreme enviornements)
(Eu) Bacteria: everyday bacteria
Eukaryotic
more complex
DO have membrane bound organelles (yes nucleus)
larger
Domain: Eukarya
Protista*, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
most basic unit of life
Emergent Properties: the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases
Reductionism: an approach that reduces complex systems to simple components that are manageable to study
Biologists complement reductionism with systems biology, analysis of the interactions among parts of a biological system.
Information
DNA
Deoxyribose sugar
Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Two strands
RNA
Ribose sugar
Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, guanine
One strand
Gene expression: DNA (transcription)-> RNA(translation)-> Protein
Gene: unit of inheritance
Genome: library of genetic instructions (all genes in a living organism)
Genomic: study of genes/genome
Proteomic: study of proteins
Evolution
Evolution: the concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky
The genus, to which the species belongs, and a species name unique to that species
Three Domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
eukarya: Plants, Fungi, Animals, Protists
protists are the most common and diverse eukaryotes
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
In
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
1859, Darwin made two mains points
Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors
“Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent with modification
Observed: individuals vary in traits, many seem to be heritable, more offspring, competition is inevitable
individuals the more desirable traits more likely to survive and reproduce
natural environment "selects" for the more beneficial traits
interactions
Feedback regulation: the output, or product of a process, regulates that very process
Negative feedback
most common
diabetes, body temp
when you body puts a stop
Positive feedback
less common
childbirth, platelet production
When your body allows something to continue until the end goal is reached
Inductive reasoning: specific situations-> large general ideas
Deductive reasoning: general idea -> specific conclusions
Energy and matter
The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth primarily comes from the sun
"All organisms must perform work, which requires energy"
Producers convert sunlight into energy, such as sugars
consumers utilize this energy to do work
energy is eventually lost to the ecosystem in the form of heat
Scientific method
Inquiry: the search for informations and explanations of natural phenomena
This including making observations, forming logical, testable hypothesis, and preforming tests
Gathering and analyzing data,
Data
Quantitative, numbers
Qualitative, descriptions ex colors, patterns
Exploration and observations
observations can reveal valuable information about a subject
Leads to impotent conclusions based on the type of logic
Inductive reasoning: generalization based on a large number of specific observations
Deductive reasoning: specifics based on many generalized observations
Exploration relies heavily on scientific reading, by understanding past studies, we can make educated statements regarding our observations
Our innate curiosity creates questions about things we observe in the natural world
Answering these questions involves forming and testing logical explanations, a hypothesis
“A scientific hypothesis must lead to predictions that can be tested by making appional observations or by performing experience”
Hypothesis have to be testable, a true or false.
Not all hypothesis meet the criteria of science, Ex ghosts are fooling with your desk lamp
Expirement, scientific test preformed under controlled conditions.
The scientific process is extremely flexible, but usually contains all of the listed data
