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Leukocytes:
-(white blood cell) Colorless, Nucleated blood cell, the…
Leukocytes: -(white blood cell) Colorless, Nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease, and other potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules.( Key Terms)
- A rapid increase can cause leukocytosis. The cells are often nonfunctional which leaves a person at an increased risk for disease.
- too few of leukocytes can result in Leukopenia, this causes an individual to be unable to ward of diseases.
-Leukemia is a cancer involving too much of leukocytes. In chronic leukemia, mature leukocytes accumulate and fail to die. In acute leukemia, there is an overproduction of young, immature leukocytes.
Granulocytes:
- spherical cells which contain cytoplasmic granules. In turn, they contain a variety of vasoactive mediators such as histamine (21.2)
Neutrophils:
- Phagocytic white blood cell recruited from the blood stream to the site of infection via blood stream (Key terms)
- Attracted to the infection site by chemotactic attraction to smaller complement fragments. (21.2)
- Recently, it was suggested these play a role in adaptive immune response as well. (21.2)
Basophils:
- These are granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin; they are also the least common leukocytes. (Key terms)
- Intensify inflammatory response(18.4)
- The granules release histamines, contributing to inflammation and heparin, which oppose blood clotting. (18.4)
Eosinophils:
- Granulocyte which stain with eosin (stains best with acid). These release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms (Key terms)
- Has granules such as antihistamine molecules. These counteract histamines. (18.4)
- High counts can mean some is experiencing allergies, parasitic worm infestations, and some autoimmune diseases; low counts can be due to drug toxicity and stress. (18.4)
Agranulocytes:
- contain smaller, less-visible granules in their cytoplasm (18.4)
Monocytes:
- Agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages. (key terms)
- can differentiate into a macrophage than then phagocytizes pathogens (Figure 18.10)
- high counts are associated with viral / fungal infection, tuberculosis, some forms of leukemia, and other chronic diseases.
- low counts are sometimes caused by suppression of bone marrow (the bone marrow isn't as active, leading to decreased production in RBC, WBC, and bone platelets) (18.4)
Lymphocytes:
- only formed element of blood that arises from lymphoid stem cells. They initially form in the bone marrow, but development and reproduction occur in lymphatic tissues. (18.4)
- These are essential for immune response; there are three major groups which include Natural killer cells, B cells, and T cell.
- Natural killer cells (NK) are able to recognize cells that do not express "self"-proteins (produced by the organism's cell/tissue) on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers. I.E cancer cells, cells infected with a virus (18.4)
- B cells (B lymphocytes) produce antibodies against specific pathogens and are involved in specific immunity. (18.4)
- T cells (T lymphocytes) provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells. (18.4)
Blood Functions:
- its main function consist of delivering oxygen, nutrients, and removing waste from body cells (18.1)
- blood also plays a role in defense, distributing of heat, and maintain homeostasis (18.1)
Transport:
- Nutrients from our food travel in the blood stream and into the liver. It is then processed and released back into the bloodstream to be delivered to body cells (18.1)
- Blood can pick up cellular waste, which is then transported to different organs for removal (18.1)
Regulation:
- Regulates our body temperature through a negative feed back loop (18.1)
- In blood are proteins and other compounds. These act as buffers, helping regulate pH of Body tissues (18.1)
Protection:
- when a damage to a vessel causes bleeding, platelets and proteins will dissolve in plasma to block the ruptured areas (18.1)
Erythrocyte Disorders:
- Erythrocyte - (RBC) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (Key terms)
- The primary function of these cells are to pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body's tissues. They also pick up carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation. (18.3)
- Size, shape, amount of erythrocytes, and number of hemoglobin molecules can have a major impact on a person's health (18.3)
Anemia:
- deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin; there are more than 400 types of anemia (key terms)
- produces fatigue, lethargy, and an increased risk for infection (18.3)
Blood Loss:
- The amount of RBC produced is significantly less than what is being lost.
- Forms of blood loss include ulcers, hemorrhoids, inflammation of the stomach, and some cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. (18.3)
Hemorrhagic:
- Excessive bleeding (key terms)
Chronic Hemorrhagic:
- A slow bleeding that occurs for an extended amount of time
Hemolytic:
- The destruction of Erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation (key terms)
Thalassemia:
- inherited blood disorder in which maturation RBCs do not proceed normally, this leads to an abnormal formation of hemoglobin and the destruction of RBCs (Key terms)
Sickle Cell:
- an inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin molecules, hemoglobin S, are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on a sickle shape (Key terms)
- there is less oxygen being delivered to tissues (18.3)
- The abnormal cells can become lodged in narrow capillaries which results in them blocking blood flow to tissues (18.3)
- can cause problems such as painful joints, blindness, and strokes. (18.3)
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Polycythemia:
- An elevate RBC count; elevated level of hemoglobin(key terms, 18.3)
- Can occur transiently in people who are dehydrated. When there isn't enough water intake there is too much loss in water, plasma volume falls (18.3)
Polycythemia Vera:
- can elevate viscosity in blood dangerously, raising blood pressure and making it difficult for the heart to pump blood throughout the body. (18.3)
- relatively rare, however, it is more common in males, and is more likely to be present in elderly patients those over 60 years of age. (18.3)
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Blood Typing:
- designates the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, both being glycoproteins. (18.6)
Antigen:
- molecule recognized by the receptors of B and T lymphocytes (Key Terms)
- substances that may trigger a defensive response from leukocytes of the immune system if the body does not recognize the antigen as belonging to "self" (18.6)
Antibody:
- Produced by certain B lymphocytes called plasma cells (18.6)
- Attach to the antigens on the plasma membranes of the infused erythrocytes and cause them to adhere to one another (18.6)
- For an antibody to be produced, the body must be exposed to a foreign antigen (18.6)
Blood:
- a liquid connective tissue composed of cellular elements - RBCs, WBC, and platelets - and extracellular matrix
Plasma:
- This is the liquid ECM composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system (Key terms)
- This fluid suspends formed elements in the blood to enable them to circulate throughout the body (18.1)
Formed Elements:
- Cellular components of blood (key terms)
- brief lifespan, only living for a few hours up to a few weeks. (18.2)
Erythrocytes:
- The red blood cell, a mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Key terms)
- picks up inhaled oxygen from the lungs then transports it to a tissue. They also pick up carbon dioxide waste, and transport it to the lungs for exhalation (18.3)
Leukocytes:
- The White blood cell, its purpose is to protect the body from diseases (Key terms)
- Leukocytes will enter the bloodstream routinely to perform defensive functions in the body's tissue. (18.4)
- drawn by chemical signals called Positive chemotaxis "movement in response to chemicals". These signals happen when there is an infected or injured cell, attracting more leukocytes. (18.4)
Platelets:
- Thrombocytes, consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes (Key terms)
- an essential for repairing damaged blood vessels while also providing growth factors for healing/repair. (18.4)
- plays a critical role in hemostasis, stopping blood loss following damage to a vessel (18.4)
Hematopoiesis:
- production of blood cells, occurs in the red marrow of our bones (key terms)
- in children, occurs in medullary cavity of long bones. In adults = vertebrae, sternum, proximal epiphyses of femur and humerus (18.2)
Hemocytoblast:
- stem cell which gives rise to the formed elements of blood (key term)
Lymphoid Stem Cell:
- gives rise to a class of leukocytes called lymphocytes (18.2)
- all these cells function in immunity (Key terms)
Lymphocytes:
- initially form in bone marrow, however, most development and reproduction occurs in lymphatic tissues. (18.4)
- the primary cells of adaptive immune responses (21.1)
T-Lymphocytes (T-cells):
- produce cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
- Undergoes maturation in the thymus (18.4)
B-Lymphocytes (B-cell):
- defends the body against specific pathogen and thereby provide specific immunity (Key terms)
- plasma cells, for example, produce antibodies/immunoglobulins which can bind to specific foreign/ abnormal components of a plasma membrane (18.4)
Myeloid Stem Cell:
- gives rise to majority of formed elements (18.2 review)
Erythrocytes:
- a mature myeloid blood cell that is composed of hemoglobin, it primarily functions in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (Key terms)
- remain in the vascular network, movement in the blood vessel is abnormal (18.3)
Megakaryocyte (Platelets):
- bone marrow cell that produces platelets (Key terms)
- one can release 2000-3000 in a lifespan. When platelets are released, megakaryocyte remnants are consumed by macrophages (18.4)
Monocytes:
- agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream (Key terms
- can differentiate into a macrophage, phagocytizing pathogens (Figure 18.10)
Neutrophils:
- rapid responders to the site of an infection (18.4)
- their granule contains lysozyme, being able to lyse or break down bacterial walls. and defensins which can bind and puncture bacterial and fungal plasma membranes (18.4)
Eosinophils:
- The granule have antihistamine molecules, counteracting the activities of histamines(18.4)
- capable of phagocytosis (18.4)
Basophils:
- intensify inflammatory response (18.4)
- releases histamines, contributing to heparin, and inflammation(18.4)