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Understanding Diversity and its "cities" (diver-cities), Will…

- - - - Viewed as a neoliberal state policy aimed at recognizing cultural diversity, it often falls short. Although it acknowledges differences, it doesn't change the underlying power dynamics.
        
        BUT SHE CRITICIZES
        
        This was neoliberal multiculturalism: the state “recognizes” Indigenous and Afro-descendant cultures without redistributing power, land, or resources. Multiculturality then serves as a tool to manage diversity while upholding colonial domination.
    - - For Walsh, interculturality involves more than coexisting; it's a decolonial project striving for equal relationships, breaking colonial hierarchies, promoting dialogue, and transforming society and the state.
        
        She distinguishes between superficial official interculturality promoted by governments and critical/decolonial interculturality driven by Indigenous and social movements. Walsh advocates for a decolonial approach that challenges Western modernity's epistemic and political dominance, beyond just promoting exchange.
        
        HOWEVER...
    - - From a decolonial perspective, she critiques it for possibly erasing cultural power asymmetries by celebrating hybridity without addressing domination or colonial histories.
        
        Recognizes hybridity as a fact, but cautions that embracing transcultural mixing can mask colonial power imbalances.
        For instance, claiming "all cultures are hybrid" overlooks the fact that some groups, such as Indigenous peoples, are coerced into hybridization under oppressive circumstances, while others have the freedom to choose global mobility from a position of privilege.
        
        CRITIQUE
    - - It can be limited if reduced to discourse. - Must remain a struggle from below led by Indigenous and social movements.
  - - - Transculturality moves beyond the idea of isolated cultures, recognizing that they are interconnected, hybrid, and constantly changing due to global influences. It emphasizes that cultures are not pure or separated but always interconnected.
        
        HOWEVER...
        
        There's a celebratory tone to hybridity that risks glossing over real conflicts, inequalities, and exclusions that still exist, even in hybrid and global contexts.
    - - She examines interactions, exchanges, and dialogues between cultures, acknowledging boundaries but emphasizing the bridges and negotiations that occur across them.
        
        BUT...
        
        It reinforces the notion that cultures are distinct entities, rather than recognizing that they're already interconnected.
    - - This term refers to the coexistence of different cultures within the same society. However, in this frame, cultures remain separate, often imagined as “islands” living side by side but not necessarily interacting deeply.
        
        CRITIQUES:
        
        In reality, this often results in tokenism: just acknowledging diversity on the surface without tackling the deeper systems of inequality that remain.
        
        It may actually reinforce separation rather than promote mutual understanding.
        
        Criticized for being static and fragmented, cultures are seen as sealed “containers” that coexist but rarely interact.
    - - Globalization increases mobility, migration, and connectedness, leading to more cultural interactions.
  - - - Intersubjective: is not free from power and ideology. Rather, as it involves national, ethnic, and racial categorisations, it can result in nationalism, ethnicism, and racism
      - Interculturality: how cultural practices and identities are negotiated and constructed during interaction. Cultural "othering"
  - - - Multilanguaging:
        
        ELF: Linguistic development through accomodation
        
        SLA: Dynamic mechanisms of language use and reduces possible association with an accomplished and perfectionist state.
      - Multicultural: Recognition of different cultures in a scenario or grouping / opposed to multiculturalism (different groups within societies)
      - Multilingualism: knowledge and use of different languages. without equal proficiency levels accross domains
      - Multimodality: full range of communication forms or modes to understand what speakers actually mean * modes are defined as a socially shaped and culturaly given resource for meaning making
        My thoughs to compliment> (through the use of senses perceptual or sensorial).