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challenges to sovereignty - Coggle Diagram
challenges to sovereignty
Cyberattacks
Cyberattacks could be used as a way to destabilize a country's existing system. This is often used to shut down the capabilities or the resources of a country. These actions overall harm the sovereignty, because the interference via online can halt any existing system.
Iran is an example of the cyberattacks in Iran during 2009, by the USA and Israel
allegedly
, which destabilized the growth of Iran's nuclear capabilities. This hurt its nuclear uranium centrifuges, thus lengthening the time for the nuclear mission.
military intervention
Although sovereignty is recognized as existing when each country respects the borders of the other.
The definition makes the situation complex because international law (UN) allows the use of force in self-defense under article 2 clause 4 of the UN charter.
The USA has used the loophole of the UN charter to invade Iraq for the self-defense of Kuwait via the operation Desert Storm
Separatism
The groups that have ideologies to be separate for more autonomy, independence, or total secession from the national government, often on the basis of ethnic, religious, cultural, or regional identity, are known as separatists.
Kurdish independence movements in Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran often challenges multiple states’ sovereignty. Although they have the same culture, the governments reject the claims because it spans to larger land, making it challenging for the Kurds to gain independence
Election Interference
Election interference undermines sovereignty by stripping a nation of its right to freely determine its own political destiny
Russia’s interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. The U.S. intelligence agencies showed that Russians used cyberattacks, hacked email leaks, and disinformation campaigns on social media to influence public opinion.
Economic Coercion
Economic Coercion is known to put to use through the economic sanctions.
They are used in a wide range of situations, in cases of human rights abuse, nuclear proliferation, wartime, and in the context of a proper justification under international law
Sanctions are not the only means to threaten
It could be used through holding power in various economy-based supranational organizations like the IMF, EU.
Countries could use loans as a means to gain political influence over those specific countries.
For example, the USA leveraged its use of Sanctions to agree with Iran concerning nuclear proliferation, later named "JCPOA"
Countries like Russia, China, and Iran themselves perceived it as a threat to their own decisions, and the freedom to decide which products could be imported or exported, and sovereignty.
Crime and political violence
Crime and political violence corrode democracy by replacing cooperation with fear and coercion
Organized criminal gangs in Mexico have been using violence against politicians and candidates more often, particularly around municipal elections. In addition to scaring voters and political parties, this reduces sovereignty as criminal groups dominate political results rather than allowing people to make their own decisions.
Transnational Challenges
Transnational challenges are problems and threats that originate, operate, or have effects across national borders, making them impossible for any single state to address effectively on its own, for example, India faces issues
The COVID-19 pandemic proved how a virus could impact the world. Even strong governments found it difficult to react on their own, highlighting the fact that international interdependence limits sovereignty.