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TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY(TBI) - Coggle Diagram
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY(TBI)
Etiology (Causes)
Falls (48%)
Struck by/against object (17%)
Motor Vehicle Accidents (14.3%)
Assaults (10.7%)
Blast injuries (military)
Prognosis
Depends on age, severity, rehab & family support
Recurrent TBI worsens outcome
5.3M in US need lifelong ADL support
Pathophysiology
Primary Injury
Coup / Contrecoup
Epidural Hematoma (arterial, rapid)
Subdural Hematoma (venous, slower)
Secondary Injury:
Edema, Hypoxia, Hypotension, Inflammation
Diffuse Injury:
Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
Clinical Features
Concussion: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, memory loss
CTE: memory loss, aggression, depression, dementia (late)
Substance abuse: 45% intoxicated at injury, worsens recovery
Definition
Alteration in brain function caused by external force
• Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
• Skull fracture
• Neurological deficits
May involve:
• Loss of Consciousness (LOC)
Diagnosis
Clinical exam & history
Imaging: CT, MRI
Neurocognitive tests (e.g., imPACT for athletes)
Clinical Signs
Altered Level of Consciousness
Pupillary changes (unequal/dilated)
Motor weakness / paralysis
Cognitive & behavioral changes (confusion, agitation)
Level of Consciousness
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS):
Mild: LOC <30min, PTA <24h, GCS 13–15
Moderate: LOC 30min–24h, PTA 1–7d, GCS 9–12
Severe: LOC >24h, PTA >7d, GCS ≤8
Rancho Los Amigos Scale (Brief)
Level I–III: Low response (coma → localized response)
Level IV–VI: Confused (agitated, inappropriate, appropriate)
Level VII–VIII: Automatic–Appropriate
Level IX–X: Purposeful–Appropriate
Medical Management
Acute
Acute:
ABC stabilization
Control Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Surgery (hematoma evacuation)
Rehabilitation:
PT, OT, Speech therapy
Cognitive rehab & community reintegration
Prevention:
Helmets, seatbelts, fall-proof homes, avoid DUI
Complications
Seizures, Hydrocephalus, Infections
Memory/cognitive deficits
Behavioral changes, motor impairment
Chronic headaches, long-term CTE