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TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) - Coggle Diagram
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)
Definition
alteration in brain function or evidence of brain pathology caused by an external mechanical force.
Etiology
Falls (most common in elderly)
Motor vehicle accidents (common in young adults)
Sports injuries
Assaults or violence
Blast injuries (military-related)
Pathophysiology
Primary injury
coup, contrecoup, EDH, SDH, DAI
Secondary injury
edema, hypoxia, ischemia, raised ICP
Clinical Features
Headache, dizziness, blurred vision
Amnesia
Impaired judgment, motor problems
evere → confusion, aggression, dementia (CTE)
Level of Consciousness
Alert → Confused → Drowsy → Stupor → Coma
Diagnosis
Neuro exam
Imaging → CT, MRI
Cognitive tests (imPACT)
Medical Management
Acute care → airway, oxygen, BP
Surgery → hematoma evacuation, craniectomy
Medical → ICP monitoring
Rehab → PT, OT, cognitive
Complications
Neurological deficits
Seizures
CTE
Hydrocephalus
Psychiatric disorders
prognosis
Depends on age, severity, support
Worse in elderly, recurrent TBI, substance abuse
Better with early management
Rancho Los Amigos Scale (Brief)
Level I–III: Low response (coma → localized response)
Level IV–VI: Confused (agitated, inappropriate, appropriate)
Level VII–VIII: Automatic–Appropriate
Level IX–X: Purposeful–Appropriate