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Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Journals
      - Previous studies
      - Everyday observations
  - - - Literature review
        
        (Google Scholar, academic journals)
      - Analyzing existing data
  - - - Initial ideas
      - Expert opinions
      - Existing theories
  - - - Collect measurable data.
    - - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
        
        Use latex gloves
        
        (never plastic for chemicals)
        
        Consider earplugs
        
        (if the experiment is loud)
        
        Wear safety goggles
      - Hygiene & Procedure:
        
        Wash hands
        
        (before and after)
        
        Ensure water flows properly.
        
        Handle chemicals carefully.
        
        Know Your Symbols
  - - - Patterns
      - Trends
      - Relationships
- - - - Atomic Number ($Z$)
        
        The number of protons.
        
        Uniquely identifies an element.
      - Relative Atomic Mass ($A_r$)
        
        The average mass of an atom.
        
        Relative to 1/12th the mass of Carbon-12.
      - Electron Configuration
        
        The arrangement of electrons.
        
        Ground State:
        
        Lowest-energy arrangement.
        
        Most stable.
  - - - Two or more atoms bonded together.
      - Can be the same element
        
        Examples:
        
        Oxygen ($O_2$)
        
        Nitrogen ($N_2$)
    - - Substance with two or more different elements.
      - Bonded in a fixed ratio.
      - Examples:
        
        Iron (II) Sulfate ($FeSO_4$)
        
        Water ($H_2O$)
  - - - Atoms with a net electrical charge.
      - They have gained or lost electrons.
      - Formation:
        
        Occurs to achieve a stable electron configuration.
        
        (like Noble Gases, Group 18)
      - Cations
        
        Positively charged ions.
        
        Formed when an atom loses electrons.
        
        Example: $Na^+$
        
        Typically formed by metals.
      - Anions
        
        Negatively charged ions.
        
        Formed when an atom gains electrons.
        
        Example: $Cl^-$
        
        Typically formed by non-metals.
    - - Strong attraction between opposite charges.
        
        (Cations and Anions)
      - Example:
        
        Sodium ($Na$) loses an electron, becoming $Na^+$.
        
        Chlorine ($Cl$) gains an electron, becoming $Cl^-$.
        
        Their attraction forms Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$).
  - - - Have a fixed chemical composition.
      - Pure Element
        
        Examples:
        
        Copper ($Cu$)
        
        Sodium ($Na$)
      - Pure Compound
        
        Examples:
        
        Water ($H_2O$)
        
        Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$)
    - - Substances not chemically bonded.
      - Examples:
        
        Salty water
        
        Bronze
        
        Steel
- - - - Atoms
      - Molecules
  - - - $m = n \times M_r$
- - - - $A_r$ of N = 14.01 g/mol
      - $A_r$ of O = 16.00 g/mol
    - - $M_r(NO_2) = A_r(N) + (2 \times A_r(O))$
    - - $M_r = 14.01 + (2 \times 16.00)$
      - $M_r = 14.01 + 32.00$
      - $M_r = \mathbf{46.01 \, g/mol}$
  - - - Mass (m) = 55 g
      - $M_r(NO_2)$ = 46.01 g/mol
    - - $n = \frac{m}{M_r}$
    - - $n = \frac{55 \, g}{46.01 \, g/mol}$
      - $n = \mathbf{1.195 \, mol}$
  - - - Given:
        
        $A_r$ of Na = 22.99 g/mol
        
        $A_r$ of S = 32.07 g/mol
        
        $A_r$ of O = 16.00 g/mol
      - Formula:
        
        $M_r = (2 \times A_r(Na)) + A_r(S) + (4 \times A_r(O))$
      - Calculation:
        
        $M_r = (2 \times 22.99) + 32.07 + (4 \times 16.00)$
        
        $M_r = 45.98 + 32.07 + 64.00$
        
        $M_r = \mathbf{142.05 \, g/mol}$
    - - Given:
        
        n = 5.575 mol
        
        $M_r$ = 142.05 g/mol
      - Formula:
        
        $m = n \times M_r$
      - Calculation:
        
        $m = 5.575 \, mol \times 142.05 \, g/mol$
        
        $m = \mathbf{791.98 \, g}$
    - - Calculation:
        
        $791.98 \, g \div 1000 = \mathbf{0.792 \, kg}$
- - - - Materials
      - Planning
      - Synthesis
  - - - Biodegradable design
      - Renewable resources
  - - - Pollution
      - Trash
- - - - Nanomedicine
        
        Targeted drug delivery.
        
        Uses involving stem cells.
        
        Advanced diagnostics.
      - Nanoelectronics
        
        Smaller, powerful processing units.
        
        Examples:
        
        3nm chips
        
        4nm chips
      - Nanomaterials
        
        Enhanced fabrics and clothing.
        
        Advanced polymers.
  - - - Fuels from organic matter.
      - Pros:
        
        Renewable resource.
      - Cons:
        
        Often not pure fuels.
        
        Can cause engine damage.
        
        Influenced by politics.
      - Case Study: Brazil
        
        Uses sugarcane ("Tebu").
        
        Produces ethanol.
        
        Process:
        
        Cellulose is broken down into:
        
        Glucose
        
        Fructose
        
        These sugars are then fermented.
        
        Benefit:
        
        Less destructive than palm oil.
    - - Geothermal
      - Water
      - Wind power
    - - A major industry.
      - Linked to land destruction and deforestation.